• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1264-1268
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• 1997

알루미늄 화합물 종류에 따라 흰쥐의 신장에 축적된 알루미늄 함량과 그로 인한 신장조직의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 S-D계 수컷 75마리를 5개 그룹 즉 대조군, 250 ppm $AlCl_3$ 500 ppm $AlCl_3$ 250 ppm $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ 500 ppm $Al_2(SO_4)_3$로 나누어 2주 동안 투여한 후 그 결과를 조사하였다 신장의 알루미늄량은 $AlCl_3$ 투여군은 $64.12{\sim}91.98\;ppm$ 이었고, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ 투여군은 $113.58{\sim}135.49\;ppm$으로 $AlCl_3$보다 $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ 투여군에서 더 많이 축적되었다. 신장조직에서 $AlCl_3$, 투여군은 세뇨관 부위의 갑상선화와 간질세포내의 염증세포의 침윤, 수질의 세뇨관 파괴부위에 알루미늄이 침착되었고, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ 투여군에는 피질에 심한 출혈, 사구체의 파괴 및 염증부위에서 알루미늄 침착이 관찰되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1982

나무딸기 과즙으로부터 추출한 anthocyanin 색소의 안정성에 관하여 pH, 온도, 유기산, 무기염, 금속이온 등에 대한 영향을 검토한 결과 특히 유기산과 무기염에 의하여 농색화 효과를 나타내었고 또한 지속적인 안정성을 가지므로 이를 관찰하여 보고한다. (1) 상온에서 pH 1$\sim$7의 완충용액에 나무딸기 과즙 색소 anthocyanin을 가하였을 때 초기흡광도는 pH가 낮을수록 높았으며 7일간 저장 중 색소의 분해속도는 pH 1과 2가 과즙색소의 pH인 3.7보다 더 빨랐다. 총색소의 잔존량은 pH 7.0 에서 가장 낮았고 pH 3.7에서 가장 많았다. (2) 온도에 대한 영향은 $40^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 후 색소 잔존율은 약 28%, $5^{\circ}C$에서 약 70%로써 온도가 낮을수록 색소잔존율이 높았다. (3) 유기산 첨가시 흡광도 변화는 첨가농도 증가와 함께 색소액의 흡광도가 증대되었으며 그 순위는 formic acid>acetic acid>n-butyric acid>propionic acid로 나타났다. Formic acid의 농색화 효과는 40일 저장후 무첨가구보다 약 10.3배이며 tartaric acid 약 4배, malic acid 약 3.9배, citric acid 약 3.8배 등의 순으로 농색화가 관찰되어졌다. (4) 무기염 첨가농도에 따른 anthocyanin의 농색화 효과의 순위는 sodium perchlorate>sodium sulfate>sodium chloride>sodium phosphate, monobasic로 나타났다. (5) 금속이온에 의하여 색소용액은 저장 5일에 크게 감소되었으며 저장중 $Cu^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$의 감소율이 가장 컸으며 $Fe^{2+}$은 비교적 감소율이 작았다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.689-697
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• 2017

자성기반 가중응집제를 적용한 새로운 응집/침전법을 정수처리공정에 적용하기 위한 기초연구로써 반응표면분석법(RSM)을 이용하여 반응에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 알려진 pH, 일반 응집제 사용량, 가중 응집제 사용량에 관한 최적의 반응조건을 도출하고자 하였다. 이때, 일반 응집제는 Poly aluminium chloride (PAC)를 사용하였고 가중응집제는 Magnetite 기반의 자성체를 사용하였으며, Kaolin으로 제조한 합성원수를 Jar-tester를 이용하여 응집실험을 실시하였다. 사전에 Box-Behnken design에 의하여 계획된 17가지 실험조건으로 상기 3개의 독립변수들이 반응변수(탁도 제거율 및 플럭의 평균 침강속도)에 미치는 영향과 최적 반응을 유도하기 위한 독립변수의 최적치를 얻고자 하였다. 실험 후에는 2가지 반응변수의 이차 회귀모델을 도출하였으며, 이를 이용하여 독립변수와 반응변수 간의 상관관계를 도출하고자 반응표면분석을 실시하였다. 반응표면 분석결과 탁도 제거율 및 플럭의 평균 침강속도에 대한 $R^2$값은 0.9909, 0.8295이었고 두 가지 반응변수를 모두 고려한 최적의 반응조건은 pH 7.4, PAC 사용량 38 mg/L, 가중응집제 사용량 1,000 mg/L이었으며 이때 탁도 제거율 97%, 평균 침강속도가 35 m/h 이상의 효율에 도달하였다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제35권3호통권99호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2002

녹조 제어를 위하여 수중의 인 제거에 관여하는 CellCaSi의 여러 가지 조건별 인 제거효과를 조사하였다. CellCaSi의 입도에 따른 인 제거효과는 직경 1, 2 그리고 4mm 이하의 3가지 중 1mm 이하의 작은 입자를 사용했을 때 가장 우수하였다. CellCaSi의 인 제거효과는 처리량의 증가에 비례하였다. 수중의 pH 5, 7, 9에서 초기 인 농도 0.20mg/l는 각각 0.09, 0.08및 0.08mg/l로 감소되어 상이한 pH조건에 따른 CellCaSi의 인 제거효과는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. CellCaSi에서 용출되는 양이온은 Ca이며, Al과 Fe양이온은 검출되지 않았다. 초기에 급격히 용출된 Ca양이온은 수중의 인과 반응하는 것으로 확인되었다. 초기 인 농도 0.10, 1.0mg/1는 CellCaSi와 Ca, Fe 화합물을 첨가한 처리구에서 8일 후 각각 0.03,0.47mg/l를 기록하며 가장 많이 감소하였다. 이에 따라 인 제거효과는 CellCaSi와 Ca, Fe 화합물을 동시에 처리하였을 때 가장 좋은 것으로 조사되었다. CellCaSi의 처리에 따라 pH가 약간 증가하였고, 전기전도도도 증가되지만 상수원수 기준 허용치 (500${\mu}$S/cm) 이내였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2018

Coal seam gas (CSG) water, to be discharged, has been usually treated in reverse osmosis (RO) plants which require extensive and expensive pre-treatment. However, current low gas prices have been a great driver for relevant industries to seek for alternative cost-effective technologies in the aspect of its beneficial use and fit-for-purpose usable water production. In this paper, a combined system with a two-stage pore control fiber (PCF) filtration and a RO system was designed and tested for CSG water treatment. Also, a coagulation reactor was placed in front of the PCF to further enhance suspended solid removal. More than 99% of SS were removed through the PCF filtration while organic, total nitrogen and total phosphorous were mostly removed by the RO system. Especially along with a decrease in conductivity, the total dissolved solid derived from salts was mainly removed in the RO system. Having $OH^-$ undetected, $HCO_3{^-}$ was found to be a dominant compound and its removal efficiency was 97-98% after the RO treatment. And a Fe(III) type of Polytetsu, which was the first to be tested in this paper, was found to be a better option than a Al(III) type of Poly Aluminium Chloride due to its greater coagulation efficiency and applicability at a broader range of pH than the Al(III) type. In addition, there was no noticeable change in oxidation reduction potential, suggesting that an additional process is required to oxidize non-ionic organic carbons (detected as total organic carbon).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.30-34
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• 2006

떫은감 껍질 추출물을 처리할 경우 응집 수축성이 강하여 물속의 이물질의 응집이 빠르게 진행되므로 첨가되는 추출물의 양이 증가할수록 육안으로도 원수의 탁도가 좋아지는 것이 관찰되었다. 소석회와 감껍질 추출물을 병행하여 처리할 때 얻어진 T-P, CODcr 제거율은 아파트생활하수와 기숙사하수 모두 100-200 mg/l의 첨가 농도에서는 $FeCl_3$와 $Al_2(SO_4)_3$에 비해 효과가 떨어졌으나 300 mg/l 이상의 첨가농도에서는 제거효과가 비슷하거나 오히려 더 높게 측정되어 응집보조제로서의 역할이 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. 추출물의 첨가량을 늘림에 따라 T-P 제거율도 상대적으로 계속 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 응집보조제의 사용이 원수에 대해 400-600 mg/l 정도로 낮아도 탁도의 개선 호과가 양호한 것으로 판단되어 소석회와 병행 사용한다면 처리수의 산성화가 적어 이를 중화시킬 알칼리보조제의 사용이 줄어들어 수 처리로 인한 경제적 부담을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.531-539
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• 2016

Charcoal dyed fabrics have been widely used in home textiles and functional clothing due to their anti-statics, antibacterial, deodorization, far infrared emitting and anion releasing. Soybean fiber were regenerated from soybean. Soybean fiber have biodegradable, microbiocidal, non-allergic, and anti-ageing properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dyeing characteristics of soybean fabric using charcoal as colorants. Soybean fabrics were dyed with charcoal solution according to concentration of charcoal, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time. To improve washing fastness and investigate mordanting condition, soybean fabric and dyed soybean fabric with charcoal were mordanted by mordanting agents such as $CH_3COOH$(acetic acid), NaCl(sodium chloride) and $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$(Aluminium Potassium Sulfate). Dyeability and color characteristics of charcoal dyed soybean fabric were obtained by computer color matching and SEM morphology analysis. Particle size of charcoal and color fastness were also investigated. The results obtained were as follows; Mean average diameter of charcoal was $1.39{\mu}m$. The dyeability of soybean fabric using charcoal as colorants was increased gradually with increasing concentration of charcoal dyeing solution and saturated at about 8%(o.w.b.). The optimum dyeing temperature and dyeing time were $90{\sim}105^{\circ}C$ and 60~90 minutes respectively. The overall wash fastness at dyeing concentration 2~4%(o.w.b.) and 6~10%(o.w.b.) were 4 degree and 3-4 degree respectively. The fastness to washing according to mordanting method indicated good grade result as more than 4 degree in all conditions. On the other hand, the staining of adjacent fabrics, i.e. PET, Acryl, Wool, Acetate, Nylon and Cotton was found to be of grade 4 or 4-5 in all conditions.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to describe the mechanisms and prevention of initial degradation in turbidity of the sand filter effluent. The method used was by adding a coagulant (PAC) to the sand filter after backwashing as a means of reducing turbidity. It was found that adding 80 mg/L of PAC solution to the sand filter was very effective in improving the initial effluent turbidity. A turbidity removal efficiency of 99 % was observed in the initial term period as compared to a 70% efficiency without PAC addition. The PAC solution added to the sand filter resulted in high aluminum concentration at the upper layer as compared with the bottom layer of the sand filter column. A change in the zeta potential to a strong positive-ions at upper layer was observed at this time but only a small change was obtained at the bottom. This result showed that the zeta potential of the sand was changed to positive with PAC coating. The effect of pH on zeta potential with PAC addition was also investigated. Zeta potential was greatly changed to positive-ion at pH 4~6. A series of experiments was then conducted in this study to optimize the pH of the PAC solution to be added to the sand filter after backwashing. The removal efficiency of turbidity was found to be highest at pH 5. This result suggested that hydrolyzed aluminium species attached to the surface of the sand enhanced the removal of turbidity of the effluent.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.837-842
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• 2007

This study was conducted to test the effect of residual Al on plankton community after dissolved air flotation (DAF) application. Growth rate of phytoplankton after DAF application ($0.37day^{-1}$) was about 2 times lower than that before DAF application ($0.70day^{-1}$). Under the condition of addition of nitrogen and phosphorus without light, growth rate phytoplankton in treatment without residual Al increased in difference with showing the negative growth rate in treatment with residual Al. Under the condition of light without addition of nutrient, growth rate of phytoplankton was no noticeable difference between the before and after DAF application. The relatively high settling rate (0.47 m/day) was observed in treatment after DAF application. Although the abundance of rotifer decreased, the abundance of copepod and cladoceran such as Daphnia galeata, Diaphanosoma sp. and Bosmina longirostris with relative higher grazing was no noticeable difference between the before and after DAF application. In the treatments before and after DAF application with zooplankton, growth rate of phytoplankton was $0.41{\pm}0.08day^{-1}$, $0.20{\pm}0.03day^{-1}$, respectively. This difference was in treatment after DAF application similar with those in treatments before and after DAF application without zooplankton. Those indicate that the filter-feeding effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton community may be not changed by residual Al after the DAF application. These results suggest that residual Al after DAF application be to improve water quality by inhibition of growth rate as well as increasing settling rate of phytoplankton.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 1996

ZnO and Al-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by sol-gel dip-coating method and electrical and optical properties of films were investigated. Using the zinc acetate dihydrate and acetylaceton(AcAc) as a chelating agent stable ZnO sol was synthesized with HCl catalyst. Adding aluminium chloride to the ZnO sol Al-doped ZnO sol could be also synthesized. As Al contents increase the crystallinity of ZnO thin film was retarded by increased compressive stress in the film resulted from the difference of ionic radius between Zn2+ and Al3+ The thickness of ZnO and Al-doped ZnO thin film was in the range of 2100~2350$\AA$. The resistivity of ZnO thin films was measured by Van der Pauw method. ZnO and Al-doped ZnO thin films with annealing temperature and Al content had the resistivity of 0.78~1.65$\Omega$cm and ZnO and Al-doped ZnO thin film post-annealed at 40$0^{\circ}C$ in vacuum(5$\times$10-5 torr) showed the resistivity of 2.28$\times$10-2$\Omega$cm. And the trans-mittance of ZnO and Al-doped ZnO thin film is in the range of 91-97% in visible range.