• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.169-188
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• 2016

Objectives: Although information on the toxicity of phthalate diesters is readily available, little is known about phthalate alternatives. The present article provides a summary of available information on the toxicity of phthalate diesters and their alternatives, with a special focus on estrogenicity and androgenicity. Methods: We collected a battery of in vitro and in vivo assay data from the literature to assess the estrogenicity/anti-estrogenicity and androgenicity/anti-androgenicity of 15 phthalate diesters and 21 phthalate alternatives. Results: A number of in vitro studies show that certain phthalate diesters can bind to estrogen receptors and have a weak estrogenic potential. However, this potential was not seen in in vivo studies. Phthalate diesters produced anti-androgenic effects in animals by reducing testosterone production. Among them, di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most potent. While almost all phthalate alternatives have a lower toxic potential than does DEHP, evidence of reproductive toxicity and estrogenic potential were found in several substances. Conclusion: Significant data gaps exist for phthalate alternatives regarding reproductive endocrine disruption, requiring further investigation.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2008

The study was intended to suggest the design alternatives of rural village community center based on the design directions which were derived from the previous research, and to evaluate the alternatives by rural residents. The previous research was carried out to grasp the conditions and user's needs of rural village community center. The subjects were 100 residents who lived in rural area in Chonlabukdo. The interview was carried out using a questionnaire with model and isometrics of two alternatives, which showed floor plan and building shape. The subjects evaluated positively both of two alternatives, but slightly more preferred alternative | because of a spacious diningroom and an indoor toilet. The size of a livingroom and entrance, indoor toilet space/location, storage space and deck were significant elements in two alternatives according to t-test. They responded that both of indoor and outdoor toilet should be planned in rural village center. Also, each toilet and room for man and woman should be separated. Entrance space should be enough to take on/off their shoes in a sitting position and deck space was planned to intermediate between indoor and outdoor space.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2018

발주자, 건설사업관리자, 설계자, 시공자, VE 전문가 등 참여자 역량에 의해 성패가 좌우되는 VE 프로젝트에서는 체계적인 절차를 따르는 것이 중요하다. 하지만, 실제 VE 업무에서는 개략평가만을 실시하거나, 개략평가와 상세평가를 통합하여 수행하는 경우가 있다. 이러한 경우, 중요한 대안일지라도 리스크에 대하여 평가하는 것이 어렵다. 이에 따라, 선행단계에서 제안된 대안이 후행단계에서 다시 기존안으로 돌아가는 회귀제안(returning alternatives)이 발생하여, 해당 대안에 대한 반복작업으로 인해 VE 업무효율이 저하되는 경우가 종종 발생한다.이에 본 연구에서는 VE 대안을 구체적으로 분석하고 체계적으로 평가하여 회귀제안 발생을 최소화하기 위해, VE 대안의 리스크 평가절차(risk assessment process for VE alternatives)를 제안하였다. 이는 VE 대안을 구체적이고 체계적으로 평가하여 회귀제안을 최소화하기 위한 평가절차로서 의의가 있으며, 회귀제안에 대한 반복업무를 줄임으로써 VE 업무의 효율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.166-176
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• 1994

Some rank score tests are proposed for testing the equality of all sampling distribution functions against ordered location-scale alternatives in k-sample problem. Under the null hypothesis and a contiguous sequence of ordered location-scale alternatives, the asymptotic properties of the proposed test statistics are investigated. Also, the asymptotic local powers are compared with each others. The results show that the proposed tests based on the Hettmansperger-Norton type statistic are more powerful than others for the general ordered location-scale alternatives. However, the Shiraishi's tests based on the sum of two Bartholomew's rank analogue statistics are robust.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제14권24호
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• pp.105-109
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• 1991

In the comparative study of investment alternatives with different life times. It is wrong to compare a long-life time alternative with different life times. It is to wrong to compare a long-life time alternative with a short-life time one by the same measure; therefore, a measure is needed which is suitable for the characters of alternatives. The purpose of this study is in present a method to evaluate investment alternatives with different life times and to explain the assumptions and calculating method.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2009년도 학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.297-301
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• 2009

The impact of adding additional Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) criteria is demonstrated because current research shows MCDA for flood damage has been applied using only a few criteria but for better results the MCDA approach needs to apply more criteria for evaluating the alternatives. By adding additional criteria into MCDA, the capability to make the best alternatives more diverse and show the decision maker more differences in the scores of the alternatives to allow the decision maker to discriminate is significantly improved. The target region for a demonstration application of the methodology was the Suyoung River Basin in Korea. The 1991 Gladys flood event and five different return periods were used as a case study to demonstrate the proposed methodology of evaluation of various flood damage reduction alternatives.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 1994

This study conducted a visual impact assessment of an apartment complex project proposed in Jungkye-dong, Seoul. Three design alternatives of the project-alternatives 1, 2, and 3-which differed in form, color, scale, and arrangement of buildings were simulated with computer image processing technique. The simulations were presented to the public who were mainly residents in the project area, and visual impact resulted from the alternatives was assessed by them. Their responses were then statistically analyzed. It was found that, in terms of compatibility with the surrounding landscape, alternative 1 was the most favourable because it was more traditional, natural, and diverse than alternatives 2 and 3. At the same time, the alternative was most preferred by the public because it was more plain, natural, and diverse than other alternatives. It was suggested that the visual impact assessment with public participation conducted in this study would help both planners and the public to make more intelligent decisions.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2005

This study investigated various alternatives for childcare among dual-earner families and discussed implications for public policy development. Eight employed married women and two of their husbands were interviewed about work-family balance. All the interviewees complained that taking cue of the children in dual-earner families is a challenge. They resort to all available alternatives because public childcare support is insufficient and inadequate. There were five different types chilcare: extended family network, public and private institutions, paid help (nannies), rearranging work schedules, and training their children to take cue of themselves. However, all these alternatives entail various problems. More and better childcare facilities and programs should be built and after-school programs should be designed. On the other hand, parents should also make more effort to prioritize children's needs in finding a balance between work and family.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper analyze development feasibility and alternatives for infrared detector development in both technology and cost. Infrared Detector is core component of Thermal Imaging System and developed by ADD from 2006 10 2008 year. We got raw input data from development and technical expert, and then analyze cost and technology for development feasibility, and alternatives study. Technology level is analyzed by TRL(Technology Readiness Level) and AOA(Analysis of Alternatives) is done by development cost estimate. Estimating the development cost, we use SEER-H that is parametric cost estimating tool based on Knowledge Base. This study can help those who are related to the cost and development feasibility analysis of other weapon systems.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.621-628
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• 2008

지속적인 컨테이너 물동량의 증가와 컨테이너선의 대형화에 따라서 항만간의 경쟁은 점점 치열해지고 있다. 주요 항만 하역장비 제조사들은 획기적인 생산성 향상을 제공할 수 있는 새로운 개념의 하역장비 개발에 많은 관심을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 항만의 대표적 하역장비인 컨테이너 크레인에 대해서 다양한 개발 대안들이 존재할 때, 최적의 개발 대안을 선정하는 절차를 제시한다. 절차는 두 단계로 구성되는데, 첫 번째 단계에서는 요구되는 필수요소들을 만족하지 못하는 대안을 제거하고 두 번째 단계에서는 전문가의 평가와 선형 할당법을 적용하여 최종적인 개발 대안을 선정한다. 마지막으로, 제시한 절차를 적용한 사례를 제시한다.