• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2004

Diesel exhaust particle (<2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, DEP$_{2.5}$) is known to be probarbly carcinogenic (IARC group 2A). DEP$_{2.5}$ contains organic compounds such as polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), heterocyclic compounds, phenols, and nitroarenes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by DEP$_{2.5}$ without any biological activation system. Therefore, an alternative mechanism by which DEP$_{2.5}$ could be carcinogenic is known by the generation of oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to investigate genotoxic effects of DEP$_{2.5}$ using single cell gel electrophoresis. In order to evaluate the mechanisms of DEP$_{2.5}$ genotoxicity, the rat micro-some mediated and DNA repair enzyme treated comet assays together with routine comet assay were performed. DEP$_{2.5}$ was collected from diesel engine bus and dichloromethane extract was obtained. The organic extract of DEP$_{2.5}$ revealed DNA damage itself in NIH/3T3 cells. And it showed both oxidative and microsome mediated DNA damages. Vitamin C as an model antioxidant reduced DNA damage in endonuclase III treated comet assay. One of flavonoid, galangin as a CYP1A1 inhibitor reduced DNA damage in the presence of S-9 mixture. Our results show that DEP$_{2.5}$ are genotoxic and a great source of oxidative stress, but antioxidants can significantly reduce oxidative DNA damages. And DEP$_{2.5}$ may contain indirect mutagens which can be inhibited by CYP inhibitors.d by CYP inhibitors.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.12 no.1 s.34
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• pp.53-58
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• 2005

We researched damage formation and failure mechanism under DC(direct current) and AC(alternative current) in order to estimate reliability of Cu interconnects in ULSI. Higher current density and temperature induces more short TTF(time to failure) during interconnects carry DC. Measurement reveals that Cu electromigration has activation energy of 0.96eV and current density exponent value of 4. Thermal fatigue is occurred under DC, and higher frequency and ${\Delta}$T value gives more severe damage during interconnects carry AC Through failure morphology analysis with respect to texture, we observed that damages had grown widely and facetted grains had appeared in (100)grain but damages in (111) had grown thickness direction of line and had induced a failure rapidly.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.527-532
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• 2013

Gangliosides are complex glycosphingolipids that are the major component of cytoplasmic cell membranes, and play a role in the control of biological processes. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have received considerable attention as alternative sources of adult stem cells because of their potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. In this study, we focus on various functional roles of gangliosides in the differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts or neuronal cells. A relationship between gangliosides and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation during osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs was observed, and the gangliosides may play a major role in the regulation of the differentiation. The roles of gangliosides in osteoblast differentiation are dependent on the origin of hMSCs. The reduction of ganglioside biosynthesis inhibited the neuronal differentiation of hMSCs during an early stage of the differentiation process, and the ganglioside expression can be used as a marker for the identification of neuronal differentiation from hMSCs.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.600-604
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• 2020

Macrophages are re-educated and polarized in response to myocardial infarction (MI). The M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype is a known dominator of late stage MI. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising tool for cell therapy, particularly heart related diseases. In general, MSCs induce alteration of the macrophage subtype from M1 to M2, both in vitro and in vivo. We conjectured that hypoxic conditions can promote secretome productivity of MSCs. Hypoxia induces TGF-β1 expression, and TGF-β1 mediates M2 macrophage polarization for anti-inflammation and angiogenesis in infarcted areas. We hypothesized that macrophages undergo advanced M2 polarization after exposure to MSCs in hypoxia. Treatment of MSCs derived hypoxic conditioned medium (hypo-CM) promoted M2 phenotype and neovascularization through the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. In addition, hypo-CM derived from MSCs improved restoration of ischemic heart, such as attenuating cell apoptosis and fibrosis, and ameliorating microvessel density. Based on our results, we propose a new therapeutic method for effective MI treatment using regulation of macrophage polarization.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.230-236
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• 2003

Hot water-soluble crude polysaccharide (HCAP-0) that was obtained from the fruits of Capsicum annuum showed potent anti-complementary activity. The activity was unchanged by pronase digestion, but decreased by periodate oxidation. The HCAP-0 was fractionated by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography to give two major fractions, HCAP-II and III. These two fractions were finally purified by gel filtration to give HCAP-IIa, HCAP-IIIa1, and IIIa2 fractions that had high anti-complementary activities. The HCAP-IIIa1 and IIIa2 consisted of homogeneous polysaccharides. The anti-complementary activities were unaffected by treatment with polymyxin B, indicating that the modes of complement activation were not due to preexisting lipopolysaccharide. The molecular weight and sugar content of HCAP-IIIa2 had potent anti-complementary activity. The highest yields were 55 kDa and 75.9%, and the molar ratio of galactose (Ara:Gal, 1.0:4.6) was higher than other sugars. The crossed immuno-electrophoresis showed that both classical and alternative pathways were activated by HCAP-IIIa2.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

MOSFET with deuterium-incorporated gate oxide shows enhanced reliability compared to conventional MOSFET. We present an alternative process whereby deuterium is delivered to the location where the gate oxide reside by an implantation process. Deuterium ions were implanted using two different energies to account for the topography of the overlaying layers and placing the D peak at the top of gate oxide. A short anneal at forming gas was performed to remove the D-implantation damage. We have observed that deuterium ion implantation into the gate oxide region can successfully remove the interface states and the bulk defects. But the energy and the dose of the deuterium implant need to be optimized to maintain the Si substrates dopant activation, while generating deuterium bonds inside gate oxide. CV and IV characteristics studies also determined that the deuterium implant dose not degrade the transistor performance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.634-640
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• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to screen and select acid-tolerant Lactobacillus strains from chicken feces, feeds, and other sources. Fourty six strains evidencing acid tolerance (pH 3.5) were isolated in this study. Among them, nine strains exhibited marked immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, nine candidate strains were characterized for probiotic use. In order to evaluate macrophage activation, NO production was measured using RAW 264.7 cells. In particular, three strains (FC812, FC222, and FC113) evidenced the highest levels of NO production measured at $38.39{\pm}20.01,\;35.06{\pm}27.73$, and $33.88{\pm}15.99{\mu}M$, respectively, at a concentration of $10^{8}CFU/mL$. The majority of strains, with the exception of strain FC322, evidenced marked resistance to artificial gastric juice (pH 2.5 with 1%(w/v) pepsin). Additionally, strains FC222, FC421, FC511, and FC721 were highly resistant to artificial bile acid (0.1%(w/v) oxgall), whereas strains FC113, FC322, FC422, FC621, and FC812 were the least resistant to bile. All nine strains exerted antimicrobial effects against chickenrelated pathogens. Additionally, all nine strains were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. The isolated strains, except for strain FC322, were tentatively identified as Lactobacillus salivarius, using an API 50 CHL kit. These results demonstrate that some probiotic organisms may potentially probiotic properties, and thus may serve as an effective alternative to antibiotics in animal applications.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-42
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• 2009

That occur in international trade disputes between the parties without resorting to a court trial on the basis of principle of government by the parties to resolve the dispute resolution in general (Alternative Disputes Resolution: ADR) agreed to, reconciliation, coordination, mediation and other methods are. Here, unlike arbitration and other dispute resolution arbitrator, the court confirmed the arbitration award came from the judge and the same shall become effective in doing international commerce dispute resolution methods are widely used. Arbitration Agreement is a contractual dispute, regardless of whether a certain law there arise about the relationship between the parties, Currently exists, future conflicts can arise in whole or in part by the arbitration agreement is to be resolved. Arbitration agreement include: the effects of out of contract arbitration proceedings, the court does not want the progress of the dispute referred to arbitration proceedings to the effect, and the presence of the parties to the arbitration agreement does not claim to knowing the defense plea that Appeals ticket of destruction that have the effect of demurrer, that the arbitration agreement are rebuttal to the rebuttal of prozesshindernde Einrede and the mediation of a plea on the merits when the first defense must be submitted to the arbitration proceedings in which the applicant until the arbitration award determined that the property dispute to court for water conservation measures to dispose of the watch was in effect for arbitration in the contract. In addition, the arbitration agreement and the court sentenced the same kinds of effects that resolved the final effect, especially at the same time the effect of foreign recognition and enforcement of the decision regarding the New York Convention arbitration award based on the recognition and enforcement of domestic and international effects are being recognized. Consequently, the arbitration agreement to take effect a valid arbitration agreement exists is determined by whether or not staying. Therefore, agreements between individual university entrance exams based on the company signed a contract regarding the effect of arbitration first, associated with individual university entrance exams, and the leading research and analysis, review, and examine the general concept of the arbitration agreement after the arbitration agreement between the parties focuses on information about the effects of study to contribute to the activation of the arbitration system is aimed at the individual university entrance exams.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.213-228
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• 2014

Alkali-activated binder (AAB) is recently being considered as a sustainable alternative to portland cement (PC) due to its low carbon dioxide emission and diversion of industrial wastes and by-products such as fly ash and slag from landfills. In order to comprehend the behavior of AAB, detailed knowledge on relations between microstructure and mechanical properties are important. To address the issue, a new approach to characterize hardened pastes of AAB containing fly ash as well as those containing fly ash and slag was adopted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectra microanalyses. The volume stoichiometries of the alkali activation reactions were used to estimate the quantities of the sodium aluminosilicate (N-A-S-H) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) produced by these reactions. The 3D plots of Si/Al, Na/Al and Ca/Si atom ratios given by the microanalyses were compared with the estimated quantities of CSH(S) to successfully determine the unique chemical compositions of the N-A-S-H and CSH(S) for ten different AAB at three different curing temperatures using a constrained nonlinear least squares optimization formulation by general algebraic modeling system. The results show that the theoretical and experimental quantities of N-A-S-H and CSH(S) were in close agreement with each other. The $R^2$ values were 0.99 for both alkali-activated fly ash and alkali-activated slag binders.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.367-372
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• 2013

Hydrogen storage as a metal hydride is the most promising alternative because of its relatively large hydrogen storage capacities near room temperature. TiMn2-based C14 Laves phases alloys are one of the promising hydrogen storage materials with easy activation, good hydriding-dehydriding kinetics, high hydrogen storage capacity and relatively low cost. In this work, multi-component, hyper-stoichiometric $Ti_{0.85}Zr_{0.13}(Fe_x-V)_{0.56}Mn_{1.47}Ni_{0.05}$ C14 Laves phase alloys were prepared by a vacuum induction melting for a hydrogen storage tank. Since pure vanadium (V) is quite expensive, the substitution of the V element in these alloys has been tried and some interesting results were achieved by replacing V by commercial ferrovanadium (FeV) raw material. In addition, the melt-spinning process, which was applied to the manufacturing of some of these alloys, could make the plateau slopes much flatter, which resulted in the increase of reversible hydrogen storage capacity. The improvement of sloping properties of melt-spun $Ti_{0.85}Zr_{0.13}(Fe_x-V)_{0.56}Mn_{1.47}Ni_{0.05}$ alloys was mainly attributed to the homogeneity of chemical composition.