• 천문학논총
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.49-65
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• 2019

We investigate the provenance and the changes in the timekeeping system focusing on official records such as almanacs and textbooks published by the government after the solar calendar was introduced. We found that the solar calendar and the 12-hour clock time first appeared in 1884 during Joseon dynasty, at that time the solar calendar was used at the open port in Busan to facilitate the exchanges with Japan. The 12-hour clock time first appeared in the 『Hansung Sunbo』 published by the government in 1884. We also found that the Joseon dynasty also used 12 diǎnzhōng or 12 diǎn. In addition, the term of the 'Sigan' first appeared in the first official academic textbook in August 1895, and the chapter related to time contained the information about 12-hour clock time instead of the 12 Shi. In 1908, the meaning of the solar time, the equation of time, and the differences in longitude with the adoption of Korean Standard Time were introduced. Meanwhile, the 24-hour clock time was first introduced in Joseon and applied to railway times in 1907. The 1946 almanac, the first issue after liberation, used the 12-hour clock time which uses 'Sango', 'Hao' and the 24-hour clock time started to be used from the following year and is still used to this day. Finally, the 12-hour clock time, which was introduced around 1884, was enacted as Article 44 of the law in 1900 and was revised again in 1905 and 1908. In Korea, the terms related to the time in the current astronomical calendar system were newly defined around 1884, 1896, and 1908, and gradually standardized through the establishment of laws.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.12-17
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• 1993

This book is named 'The Ryuk-Jab-Rok' because it was written in the last page of 1820's almanac. This book is written purely in Korean and has not been published yet. This book comprises twenty eight items, among which there are eight items of vegetable preserving method, ten items of Jook preparation methods(a kind of cereal soup), nine items of Pyun-Myun methods(a kind of rice cakes and noodles) and Yak-Bab(a kind of spiced rice). In vegetable preserving method, the eggplant, the cucumber and a songi mushroom were preserved with the drying method., A radish, a sorojangii, and the root of white cabbage were used with the cold temperature preservation. A garlic was dried after salting. The sprouts of DooRub, which were coming in the hot room, were used. In the Jook preparations, there were five animal materials which were lamb, chick, crudian, oyster and abalone. In nine Pyun-Myun methods, Jap-Gua-Sil was illegible because the letters were not clear. Among eight items, the stick rice was used in four cases, the regular rice in two cases. The ground pine nuts, honey and the Chinese date were used most ofter. And the sesame salt and the chestnut were next. The analysis of the terms I this book revealed that 26 items were used for cooking processes. And it also showed us that there were seven kind of cutting procedure and eight kinds of heating procedure. The shapes and size of foods were revealed at only three places in all items. The one-chi(chi ; abut three cm) and three-Ja(Ja ; about thirty cm) which the terms represent the length were revealed twice and once respectively in this book. In the taste description, 'the good', the most common word, was used in seven times, and which was the most frequently introduce case. The measuring unit is hard to revive since the measurements were taken by the container, which were Jong-Ja, Sabal and Tang-gii, then in use. Fifteen kinds of containers and cookers were used for preparing foods. And all of them are now I use.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2018

천문을 이용한 측위는 과거로부터 육분의(Sextant)를 이용하여 시행하여 왔다. 주로 천측력과 천측계산표를 이용하여 St. Hilaire 방식을 사용하였는데, 현대에는 IT 기술과의 접목으로 LOP(Line of Position) 방식을 원활히 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 과거의 방식 대비 LOP 방식은 항상 위치가 진위(True Position)와 허위(False Position) 두 가지로 나타나게 되는데, 이를 항해사가 반드시 판별하지 않으면 안 된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 LOP 방식에서 발생하는 허위의 제거를 위해 방위를 이용하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 특히 방위를 이용하게 되는 이론적 고찰을 여러 방법으로 제시하여 그 타당성을 확보하였으며, 시뮬레이션을 통하여 본 논문의 이론적 근거가 타당성을 가지고 있음을 평가하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.2334-2340
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• 2010

Michalsky의 방위각, 고도각, 일출/일몰시각에 대한 태양위치 계산은 국립천문대의 태양위치 정보와 비교했을 때, 최대 각각 $1.5^{\circ}$, $0.88^{\circ}$, 2분 이내의 오차로서 비교적 정확하였다. 현재 시각과 설치위치(경도, 위도)에 대하여 BLDC 모터-실린더를 구동하여 홀센서 위치 피드백으로 Michalsky의 계산식의 태양의 고도각과 방위각을 제어하는 양축 태양광 추적장치를 개발하였다. BLDC 모터의 사용으로 유지보수가 우수하며, 홀센서로 위치피드백으로 모터의 정밀한 위치결정제어가 가능하며, 또한 원점복귀기능으로 누적 오차를 최소화한다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2019

"Hon-Chon-Jeon-Do" is a woodcut star map with the size of $79.4cm{\times}127.5cm$, and was widely disseminated as it was made into a set with Kim, Jung Ho's "Yeoji-Jeon-Do". This study confirmed that Yixiang kaocheng xubian ("의상고성속편") star catalogue was used as a source to produce the star map, and the stereographic projection was applied with the projection center being the mid-point (Q) between the celestial and ecliptic north poles. The 'mid-circle' around the Q is arisen between the equator and the ecliptic, and on this circle, the hour angle and the ecliptic longitude of a star can be marked using the same scale. This means that the hour of the day and the season of the year can be read on the same dial of the mid-circle, and the application of this character in the practical use was the key point of the star map production. By observing either transits or positions of the 28 xiu (宿), it is easy to find the corresponding season and time by simply reading the dial on the mid-circle. This is just the function of a portable almanac and thus by disseminating it widely, the convenience of the people would have been promoted. For this reason, it can be stated that "Hon-Chon-Jeon-Do" was a practical astronomical tool which was produced by the western astronomical projection method and was used to find time and season. Choi, Han Ki and Kim, Jung Ho are strong candidates for the makers of this star map. The time of production is estimated to be 1848 ~ 1857, and "Hon-Chon-Jeon-Do" could be regarded as a good contributor to popularization of astronomy in the late Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2015

In the case of satellite navigation positioning, the shielding of satellite signals is determined by the environment of the region at which a user is located, and the navigation performance is determined accordingly. The accuracy of user position determination varies depending on the dilution of precision (DOP) which is a measuring index for the geometric characteristics of visible satellites; and if the minimum visible satellites are not secured, position determination is impossible. Currently, the GLObal NAvigation Satellite system (GLONASS) of Russia is used to supplement the navigation performance of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in regions where GPS cannot be used. In addition, the European Satellite Navigation System (Galileo) of the European Union, the Chinese Satellite Navigation System (BeiDou) of China, the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) of Japan, and the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) of India are aimed to achieve the full operational capability (FOC) operation of the navigation system. Thus, the number of satellites available for navigation would rapidly increase, particularly in the Asian region; and when integrated navigation is performed, the improvement of navigation performance is expected to be much larger than that in other regions. To secure a stable and prompt position solution, GPS-GLONASS integrated navigation is generally performed at present. However, as available satellite navigation systems have been diversified, finding the minimum satellite constellation combination to obtain the best navigation performance has recently become an issue. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine and predict the navigation performance that could be obtained by the addition of the third satellite navigation system in addition to GPS-GLONASS. In this study, the current status of the integrated navigation performance for various satellite constellation combinations was analyzed based on 2014, and the navigation performance in 2020 was predicted based on the FOC plan of the satellite navigation system for each country. For this prediction, the orbital elements and nominal almanac data of satellite navigation systems that can be observed in the Korean Peninsula were organized, and the minimum elevation angle expecting signal shielding was established based on Matlab and the performance was predicted in terms of DOP. In the case of integrated navigation, a time offset determination algorithm needs to be considered in order to estimate the clock error between navigation systems, and it was analyzed using two kinds of methods: a satellite navigation message based estimation method and a receiver based method where a user directly performs estimation. This simulation is expected to be used as an index for the establishment of the minimum satellite constellation for obtaining the best navigation performance.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.127-150
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide a basic structure for the establishment of the direction of school health programs, an overview of the historical changes of school health programs and their results, and a conceptual framework on school health programs. Methods: The data analysis has been done using a statistical almanac, relevant laws and regulations, operation handbook of the program, theses, reports, records of public hearings, and other reports as a technical research primarily based on evidence. The methodology of this research classifies the development and growth transition of school health programs during a historical period through the investigation of regulations, organization, manpower, and its program via its development process and to provide a basic tool to design a solid school health policy. Results: A The growth and development of school health programs The development of school health programs was classified into three different periods including the forthcoming period (1945~1967), the completion period (1967~1993), and the actualization period based on the establishment of legislation for School Health Law, other relevant legislation, and the contents of school health programs (1993~present). B. Policy direction of school health programs School health programs have reestablished their goals and range based on basic direction, and developed the W1it model of information structure for school health program management and its basic structure. Finally, the stepwise support system through the building of the school health support center is recommended. (1) The basic direction of school health programs has proposed 7 basic goals to reestablish the policy direction of health improvement based on total health. (2) The W1it model of information system and the school health information system for school health program management has been developed to utilize positive management. (3) School health policy through the study of the health laws and systems has been developed. The necessity of school health support center for the policy support, functional support and operation support has also been proposed. Conclusions: It is necessary to build a school health support center that consists of health professionals in charge of policy support, functional support, and program support of school health programs in order to realize and develop new policy.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2021

역법(曆法)은 역대 왕조마다 매우 중대한 관심사였다. 조선시대 『협길통의』에는 역법과 관련된 많은 내용들이 수록되어 있다. 특히 『협길통의』 본원1에서 보여주는 고대 역률은 선택(選擇)과 간명(看命)에 필요한 역법을 만들어가는 과정의 의미가 있다. 따라서 『협길통의』의 바탕이 되는 『협기변방서』, 『상길통서』, 『천기대요』 등을 비교분석하여 사주간명과 실생활에 활용될 수 있는 역법과 역서의 근본원리가 되는 역률을 분석하고자 한다. 사주명리학이란 간지(干支)의 결합에 의한 시간변화의 이치를 깊이 연구하는 것이다. 따라서 역법은 연월일시를 세우는 것이 그 핵심이다. 이를 위해 『협길통의』에서는 십간·십이지, 사서(四序), 육진(六辰), 갑력(甲曆) 등과 같은 간단한 간명구성원리(看命構成原理) 뿐만 아니라 28수(宿)와 같은 별자리를 활용하는 등의 사주명식(四柱命式)을 세우기 위한 기본원리나 자료를 제공하고 있다. 그러나 역률이 빚어내는 결과의 한계가 있음에도 사주간명이 과학이 아닌 술법으로 보아 길(吉)한 것을 찾아가는 것이라면 그 유용성을 무시할 수만은 없다는 결론에 이르렀다.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2023

본 논문의 목적은 명리학과 기문둔갑에서 사용하는 사주(四柱)라는 동양의 시간 개념을 재정립하고 특히 시주(時柱)에 대한 정확성과 객관화를 위해 출생 지역에 따른 진태양시의 사용, 야자시(夜子時)와 정자시(正子時) 중 정자시의 선택, 태시(胎時)에 대한 정확한 의미 확인 등을 논의하고자 함이다. 한국 사회에서 통념적 시간의 사용은 동경시를 표준시로 삼고, 자정 0시를 기준으로 새로운 날이 시작되는 시진을 사용한다. 하지만 역학적으로 중요한 것은 사회적 통용성이 아니라 우주의 중심인 내가 태어난 그 우주의 시간과 공간이 내 명(命)의 기준이 되어야 하므로 내가 태어난 장소의 경도를 사용하여 정확한 나의 시진(時辰)을 결정해야만 하고, 우주 에너지의 흐름은 반 시진, 즉 1시간은 앞서 '기미와 징조'가 발생하므로 역술과 명리학에서 오랜 기간 논쟁의 화두가 되어왔던 간지기시법 중 야자시와 정자시의 선택 문제는 정자시법을 적용해야 한다고 주장한다. 이러한 시진과 시주의 설정에 대한 타당성을 확보하기 위해 기문둔갑의 포국을 통한 시진 조정법을 활용하여 사례 분석을 시행하였다. 분석 대상자와의 심층 면담을 통해 과거 살아온 인생을 날짜와 시간별로 수집한 후 각 인생 사건의 발생 시기가 정확한지를 기문둔갑 해단법으로 확인해 보았다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.89-130
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• 1993

Huh-joon's medical thoughts shown on his medical book of the Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham can be summerized as follows. 1. The general trend of medical science in Koryo dynasty is that much more interests were concentrated upon the books about curative means rather than upon the books about theoretical knowledge of medical science. With the development of Hyang Yak(鄕樂) (the term referring either various kinds of domestic medical stuffs such as herbs or the curative methods using those stuffs) and the writing of books on Hyang Yak, independent medical science of the nation's own was established in late Koryo dynasty. And the national medical science was continuously further developed until early Choson dynasty. Briskly-expanded mutual exchanges with China in early Choson dynasty provided Choson opportunities to import Chinese medical science and to examine it. Under this circumstances, he wrote the Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham. 2. As we look over the preface and Chip-Rae-Muo(集例文), we can find the characterstic of Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham is that the philosophical theory of Taoism was quoted in explaining the principles of his medical science and that the main idea of Naekyuog is the basis in explaining the way of curing diseases. 3. 83 kinds of medical books were quoted in the Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham. Besides, as many as 200 kinds of books including Tao-tzu's teaching books(道書), history books(史書), almanac(曆書), and Confucius' teaching books(儒家書籍) were quoted in total. Naekyuog and Eue-Hak-Ip-Mun, Dan-Kye-Sim-Bup were the most frequently quoted books among them. 4. Huh-Joon's medical thoughts about health care were like these. 1) The reason why Huh-Joon regarded the idea of health care as of great importance was that he laid much more emphasises on the preventive medicines rather than on the remedial medicines. The direct reason was that he was greatly influenced by profound knowledge of Taoist's study of discipline and who participated in the editing the books from the beginning. 2) Huh-Joon's outlook on human body started from the theory of "Unity of Heaven and Man"(天人合一論), which implied man was a kind of miniature universe. In addition to that, he largely theory of essence(精), vital force(氣), and spirit(神) which were regarded very important as the three most valuable properties in Taoism. However, he took his medical ground on practical and pragmatic idea that he did not discuss fundamental essence(元精), fundamental vital force(元氣), and fundamental spirit(元神) which were given by Heaven from the received only the theory of essence, vital force, and spirit which were acquired after birth and worked mainly on realistic activity of life. 3) Huh-loon accepted Do-In-Bup(導引法) sharply as a method to prevent and cure diseases. 5. Huh-loon's medical thoughts on remedial aspects are as 1) Naekyung was considered so important in Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham that not only each paragraph was begun with the Quotations from Nackyung but also the edited order of the content of the book the same with that of Naekyung. And differently from the former korean medical books he accepted at large and recorded the theories of the four noted physicians of the Geum-Won era(金元四大家) by Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham. 2) For the first time, Huh-Joon introduced the theory of Un-Ki (運氣論) in the Dong-Eui-Bo-Kahm. However, he accepted it as a pathological function of human body but he did not apply physical constitution, physiological function, pathological function, and remedial methods. 3) Huh-loon liked to use Hyang Yak that he recorded korean name of Hyang Yak(鄕名), places of the production(産地), the time of collecting(採取時月), and the way of drying herbs(陰陽乾正法) in the remedial method of a single medicine prescription for diseases at the end of each paragraph. By doing so, he developed, arranged, and revived Hyang Yak. 4) He believed that since the natural features of China were different from those of Korea the reasons of being attacked with its remedial methods couldn't be the same with different from Chinese medical books which primarily focused on paralysis and the injury of the cold has his own structure in his book that he founded independent science of this nation. He consulted enormous documents He discovered and wrote the theory and therefore concrete methods for diseases so that the book hadthe principles of outbreak of diseases(理), methods of cure(法), prescription(方), and a single medicine prescription(藥) and set system of medical science in a good order. By doing so, he and pragmatic development of medical science.