• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.139-162
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• 2010

In terms of the international air transport, the open skies policy implies freedom in the sky or opening the sky. In the normative respect, the open skies policy is a kind of open-door policy which gives various forms of traffic right to other countries, but on the other hand it is a policy of free competition in the international air transport. Since the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the United States has signed an open skies agreement with many countries, starting with the Netherlands, so that competitive large airlines can compete in the international air transport market where there exist a lot of business opportunities. South Korea now has an open skies agreement with more than 20 countries. The frequent flyer program (FFP) is part of a broad-based marketing alliance which has been used as an airfare strategy since the U.S. government's airline deregulation. The membership-based program is an incentive plan that provides mileage points to customers for using airline services and rewards customer loyalty in tangible forms based on their accumulated points. In its early stages, the frequent flyer program was focused on marketing efforts to attract customers, but now in the environment of intense competition among airlines, the program is used as an important strategic marketing tool for enhancing business performance. Therefore, airline companies agree that they need to identify customer needs in order to secure loyal customers more effectively. The outcomes from an airline's frequent flyer program can have a variety of effects on international competition. First, the airline can obtain a more dominant position in the air flight market by expanding its air route networks. Second, the availability of flight products for customers can be improved with an increase in flight frequency. Third, the airline can preferentially expand into new markets and thus gain advantages over its competitors. However, there are few empirical studies on the airline frequent flyer program. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the effects of the program on international competition, after reviewing the types of strategic alliance between airlines. Making strategic airline alliances is a worldwide trend resulting from the open skies policy. South Korea also needs to be making open skies agreements more realistic to promote the growth and competition of domestic airlines. The present study is about the performance of the airline frequent flyer program and international competition under the open skies policy. With a sample of five global alliance groups (Star, Oneworld, Wings, Qualiflyer and Skyteam), the study was attempted as an empirical study of the effects that the resource structures and levels of information technology held by airlines in each group have on the type of alliance, and one-way analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to test hypotheses. The findings of this study suggest that both large airline companies and small/medium-size airlines in an alliance group with global networks and organizations are able to achieve high performance and secure international competitiveness. Airline passengers earn mileage points by using non-flight services through an alliance network with hotels, car-rental services, duty-free shops, travel agents and more and show high interests in and preferences for related service benefits. Therefore, Korean airline companies should develop more aggressive marketing programs based on multilateral alliances with other services including hotels, as well as with other airlines.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.583-593
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of morphological characteristics of porcine muscle fibers on growth performance, muscle fiber characteristics, and pork quality taken from the longissimus dorsi muscle. A total of 239 crossbred pigs (164 castrated males and 75 females) were used in this study. Experimental pigs were categorized by the total number of muscle fiber (TNF: High and Low) and cross sectional area of muscle fiber (CSAF: Large, Middle, and Small). Their combinations were classified into six groups (High-Large, HL; High-Middle, HM; High-Small, HS; Low-Large, LL; Low-Middle, LM; Low-Small, LS). The TNF and CSAF were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with growth rate and carcass productivity, while the only of the type I number had no meaningful relationships excluding the correlation with loin area (p<0.001). The proportion of type I area was positively correlated with pH_{45 min} while the proportion of type IIB area was negatively correlated with pH_{45 min} and pH_{24 h} (p<0.05). Drip loss and protein denaturation had strong relationships with the proportion of type IIB number or area. The HL group exhibited the greatest growth performance. In addition, the HL group had significantly greater values in protein solubility than the other groups. In conclusion, this study suggest that high TNF combined to large CSAF improve the ultimate lean meat productivity and assure normal meat quality simultaneously with increased both proportion of number and area of type I, type IIA muscle fibers and lowered proportion of number and area of type IIB.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.91-112
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the motivating factors determining global logistics network construction and to suggest the most suitable solution for the Korean logistics providers in order to facilitate effectively in global logistics network. The major findings are as follows ; Firstly, 'the factor of network' would be the most essential element for the Korean logistics providers. Secondly, we discovered that among various types of global logistics networks, 'Strategic Alliance' would be the most suitable type for the Korean logistic providers. This study provides the basic information for enhancing global logistics network construction to logistics providers and the Korean government respectively. It also suggests that the implication of Government policy to support global logistics networking business for the Logistics providers should be concentrated on supporting and encouraging M&A among the local logistics partners.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.55-78
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• 2011

Recently strategic alliance between business firms has become prevalent to overcome increasing competitive threats and to supplement resource limitation of individual firms. As one of allianced sales promotion activities, a new type of discount program, so called "Alliance Card Discount", is introduced with the partnership of credit cards and loyalty cards. The program mainly pursues short-term sales growth by larger discount scheme while spends less through cost share among alliance partners. Thus this program can be regarded as cost efficient discount promotion. But because there is no solid evidence that it can really deliver profitable sales growth, an empirical study for its effects on sales and profit should be conducted. This study has two basic research questions concerning the effects of allianced discount program ; 1)the possibility of sales increase 2) the profitability of the discount driven sales. In F&B industry, sales increase mainly comes from increased guest count. Especially in family restaurants, to increase the number of guests we need to enlarge the size of visitor group (number of visitors for one group) because customers visit by group in a special occasion. And because they pay the bill by group(table), the increase of sales per table is a key measure for sales improvement. The past researches for price & discount sensitivity and reference discount rate explain that price sensitive consumers have narrow reference discount zone and make rational purchase decision. Differently from all time discount scheme of regular sales promotions, the alliance card discount program only provides the right to get discount like discount coupon. And because it is usually once a month opportunity given by the past month usage level, customers tend to perceive alliance card discount as a rare chance to get. So that we can expect customers try to maximize the discount effect when they use the limited discount opportunity. Considering group visiting practice and low visit frequency of family restaurants, the way to maximize discount effect should be the increase the size of visit group. And their sensitivity to discount and rational consumption behavior defer the additional spending for ordering high price menu, even though they get considerable amount of savings from the discount. From the analysis of sales data paid by alliance discount cards for four months, we found the below. 1) The relation between discount rate and number of guest per table is positive : 25% discount results one additional guest 2) The relation between discount rate and the spending per guest is negative. 3) However, total profit amount per table is increased when discount rate is increased. 4) Reward point accumulation & redemption did not show any significant relationship with the increase of number of guests. These results suggest that the allianced discount program substantially contributes to sales increase and profit improvement by increasing the number of guests per table. Though the spending per guest is decreased by discount rate increase, the total amount of profit per table is improved. It seems the incremental profit by increased guest count offsets the profit decrease. Additional intriguing finding is the point reward system does not have any significant impact on the increase of number of guest, even if the point accumulation & redemption of loyalty program are usually regarded as another saving offers by customers. In sum, because it is proved that allianced discount program with credit cards and loyalty cards is effective to both sales drive and profit increase, the alliance card program could be recommended as strategically buyable program.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2006.06d
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• pp.133-135
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• 2006

최근 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 시대에 가까워지면서, 다양한 형태의 소형센서를 무선네트웍으로 연결하여 일정 범위 내의 다양한 정보를 수집하여 이용할 수 있는 무선센서네트웍시스템에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행중이다. 현재 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 무선센서네트웍 아키텍처는 IEEE 802.15.4에 제안된 MAC과 ZigBee Alliance에서 개발된 ZigBee를 이용한 것이다. ZigBee에는 네트웍계층, 응용프레임웍 등 많은 기능과 규격이 포함되어 있으며, 그 중 응용프레임웍에는 각 센서장치들 간의 통신을 원활하게 하기 위하여 여러 가지 데이터 형이 정의되어 있다. ZigBee 응용프레임웍에 정의되어 있는 여러 데이터형 중 준정밀수형(semi-precision number type)은 수의 절대값이 작은 범위에서는 높은 해상도로 수를 표현할 수 있고 절대값이 큰 범위일수록 상대적으로 낮은 해상도로 수를 표현할 수 있어, 빛의 강도, 소리의 크기 등 그 크기를 표현함에 있어 절대값에 반비례하는 해상도로 표현하여도 무방한 경우 매우 유용하게 사용된다. 그러나 현재 ZigBee에서 정의한 준정밀수형은 높은 해상도로 표현되어야 하는 구간 중 특정 구간에서 해당 값을 표현할 수 없는 구간이 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 준정밀수의 특징과 문제점을 살펴보고, 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 새로운 형식의 준정밀수형을 제안한다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2008

The classical IT-Outsourcing studies have focused on the factors which a company decides for the IT-Outsourcing strategy. But the main concerns of recent researches are more about the Critical Success Factors determining the Success of the IT-Outsourcing service. Especially, the factors, which enhance the level of Success during and after the implementation of IT-Outsourcing services, are the main field of the recent researches. The study about the Partnership between Outsourcer and Outsourcee are also one of the most frequently researched themes. The result of these studies shows us that the "Reliability" and "Communication" are the main factors for the successful partnership. In this paper we try to find out how the IT-Outsourcing factors (independent variable) have influenced on the Success of IT-Outsourcing strategy (dependent variable) with 4 kinds of parameters. These moderate variables are the 4-types of Partnership by FORT, that is, "Support", "Reliance", "Alignment" and "Alliance".

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2009

The circumstances surrounding world ports have changed rapidly and port competition to attract cargoes has been increasing fiercely. Specifically, deploying large container vessels resulted fewer port visits and strategic alliance among liner shipping companies. Recently, many studies have worked for improving port competitiveness. However, these studies were limited to evaluation of only port competitiveness and few studies suggested strategies for reinforcing port competitiveness. Although implications of these previous studies are practically available to build policies for port, there have been very few academic studies such as identifying port competitiveness and port selection with related attributes for reasonable evaluation and analysis. Therefore, this study aims to classify the existing studies, which dealt with port selection problem, based on basic structure that was suggested by Murphy (1992). Furthermore, the conceptual definition will be carried out by comparison analysis in terms of time of study, type of data and methodology and decision factor of each study.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.521-544
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• 2021

In this work, we present the development of a 3D lattice-type model at microscale based upon the Voronoi-cell representation of material microstructure. This model can capture the coupling between mechanic and electric fields with non-linear constitutive behavior for both. More precisely, for electric part we consider the ferroelectric constitutive behavior with the possibility of domain switching polarization, which can be handled in the same fashion as deformation theory of plasticity. For mechanics part, we introduce the constitutive model of plasticity with the Armstrong-Frederick kinematic hardening. This model is used to simulate a complete coupling of the chosen electric and mechanics behavior with a multiscale approach implemented within the same computational architecture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1058-1073
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• 2012

This study examines the effects of collaboration type and brand sensitivity on consumer responses toward fashion collaboration brands. For this study, six brands of fashion collaboration were selected by collaboration types: collaboration with same industry (Uniqlo-Jill Sander, H&M-Sonia Rykiel, and Levis-Jean Paul Gaultier) and collaboration with different industries (LG-Prada, Samsung-Armani, and LG-Levis). A selfadministered questionnaire was developed based on the literature that mainly included brand sensitivity, consumer response (brand association, brand values, and purchase intention), and marketing strategic elements in the context of fashion collaboration. For collecting the data, respondents were asked to choose and assess a previously purchased brand. A total of 299 usable data responses were obtained from Korean consumers aged from 15 to 40 years old. The consumer response toward the fashion collaboration brand consisted of four factors: Emotional value, perceived quality, symbolic value, and brand association. The results showed that the collaboration type had the main effect on emotional value, symbolic value, and purchase intention. Brand sensitivity had the main effect on brand association, emotional value, symbolic value, and purchase intention. There was also an interaction effect on emotional value. With respect to strategic marketing elements, product differentiation, premium pricing, and value pricing had partially positive effect on consumer responses; however, promotion had a negative effect on consumer responses (e.g., perceived quality, and emotional value). In addition, collaboration type or brand sensitivity moderated the effect of strategic marketing elements on consumer responses. This study discussed a managerial implication to develop a strategic brand alliance to manage brand equity in the fashion marketplace.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2015

There is no willow riparian vegetation in Jeju Island, Korea. Instead, a genetically-isolated population of Adina rubella is found in some parts of the riparian system. We describe its syntaxonomy and synecology. A total of 27 phytosociological relev$\acute{e}$s were collected, 11 relev$\acute{e}$s from 91 sites and 16 relev$\acute{e}$s from the previously published relevant materials. Data were analyzed by traditional Braun-Blanquet method and multivariate PCoA (Principal coordinates analysis). New syntaxa are distinguished, Adinion rubellae all. nov. and its type association Tripogono-Adinetum rubellae ass. nov. with two subassociations, typicum and rhododendretosum poukhanensae. Adino-Rhododendretum poukhanensae Itow et al. 1993 was discarded owing to mismatch of syntaxonomy and syngeography of Adina and Rhododendron phytocoena. The alliance Adinion is Jeju's regional and partly ombrotrophic vegetation occurring in pothole and rock crevice where are independent on ground-water table. We also suggest a revised alliance, Rhododendrion poukhanensae Lee 2004 ex. hoc loco in Korean peninsula, as a corresponding syntaxon to Adinion, which completely differs from Phragmito-Salicion. Finally we pointed out that Adina phytocoena requiring an absolutely monitoring has been threatened by river maintenance project of local government.