• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1446-1451
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• 2010

Silk sericin protein was hydrolyzed by seven proteolytic enzymes to examine the effectiveness of the hydrolysates to bind iron. The amino acid nitrogen contents of hydrolysates by Flavourzyme were higher than the others enzymes, and its iron binding capacity showed dose-dependent increase. The bioavailability of iron binding peptide from sericin hydolysates was investigated in iron-deficient rats. Three-week-old male rats were fed iron-deficient diet for three weeks. Rats were divided into four groups (DD: no treated group on iron deficient diet, DD+HI: heme-iron treated group, DD+OI: sericin-Fe, and DD+II: inorganic iron ($FeSO_4$) treated group, and then iron supplemented by injection for one week. After oral administration for one week, the iron contents of serum and liver were significantly higher in DD+OI ($4.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $80.1\;{\mu}g/mL$) and DD+HI ($3.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $70.6\;{\mu}g/mL$) than DD ($2.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $47.9\;{\mu}g/mL$). Hemoglobin content of treated groups was significantly higher than DD, but the significant difference among groups was not shown. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels did not show any significant difference among all groups. Binding iron to peptide from sericin hydolysates seems to improve its bioavailability and to hasten the cure of iron deficiency in experimental rat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.784-791
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• 2013

Four different yeasts (Fermivin (FM), Saf-instant yeast red (SI), Angest wine active dry yeast (AW) and Angest instant yeast high sugar (AI)) were used for the fermentation of black raspberry wine. The amount of reducing sugars in FM (2.7%) and AI (2.8%) were higher than those in SI (2.4%) and AW (2.5%). The amount of glucose (the major free sugar) was higher in AW (2.57 mg/mL) and AI (2.50 mg/mL) than FM (2.03 mg/mL) and SI (1.75 mg/mL). AW (11.95%) had the highest alcohol content, while SI (11.75%) had the lowest. The pH of FM (pH 3.73) was the lowest, and there were no significant differences in total acidity among the samples. The major organic acid in the wines was citric acid (6.71~8.18 mg/mL) and the amount of organic acids depended on the type of yeasts. The amount of malic acid was highest in SI (2.92 mg/mL), and lowest in AI (1.83 mg/mL). The Hunter color test showed that SI was highest in lightness, redness and yellowness, whereas AI was lowest. There were no differences in turbidity between the samples. There were no significant differences in total phenolic contents (TPC) and total anthocyanin contents (TAC). However, the TPC and TAC of black raspberry wines were higher than those in commercial red wines. The antioxidant activities of wines (determined by ABTS and FRAP) increased in the order of FM, AI, AW and SI. It could not be concluded which yeast is adequate for the fermentation of black raspberry wine because any of the tested yeasts showed the best in all the quality characteristics of the wines.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of resin cements with accelerated test. Four dual curing resin cements: Panavia-F (KURARAY). Duolink (BISCO), Variolink-II (Ivoclar Vivadent), and RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) and 1 self curing resin cement: Resiment CE (j. l. Blosser) were used in this study. In control group, Gradia Anterior (GC) composite resin and Tescera Dentin (Bisco) indirect composite were used. Ten disk shape specimens were made from each resin cement. The specimens were subjected to an accelerated aging process in a refrigerated bath circulator at 60$^{\circ}C$ for 15 and 30 days. Spectrophotometric analyses were made before and after 15 days and 30 days of accelerated aging time. The color characteristics ($L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$) and the color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) of the specimens before and after immersion were measured and computed. Regardless of type of the resin cements, $L^*$ value was decreased and $a^*$ value was increased, but there were no significant difference. But $b^*$ value was increased significantly (p < 0.05). Tescera inlay showed least color change (p < 0.05), but Gradia showed notable color change after 15 days. After 30 days on accelerated aging, ${\Delta}E^*$ value was increased (Panavia-F < Variolink-II < Resiment CE < Duolink < Unicem) (p < 0.05). but there were no significant difference among Panavia-F, Variolink-II, and Resiment CE groups. After 30 days of accelerated aging, ${\Delta}E^*$ value of all resin cements were greater than 3.0 and could be perceived by the human eye.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the pathological and clinical effects of preoperative chemoradiation (CCRT) in cases of locally advanced rectal cancer and to determine the predictive factors for tumor downstaging. Materials and Methods: From March 2004 to August 2008, 33 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with preoperative CCRT. Twenty-eight patients (84.8%) were treated using a concomitant boost technique while five (15.2%) patients were treated using a cone down boost technique. All patients received 50.4 Gy of irradiation and concurrent chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. The median follow-up duration was 24.2 months (range, 9.8 to 64.7 months). Results: Thirty-one (93.9%) patients underwent surgery. Twenty-four patients (72.7%) underwent anal sphincter-preserving surgery. The 3-year disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates were 63.4% and 78.8%, respectively. Post-operative factors were more important for DFS. Pathologic N stage, margin status, and pathologic differentiation were significant prognostic factors (p=0.001, 0.029, 0.030). Tumor size and lymphovascular invasion were also associated with marginal significance (p=0.081, 0.073). However, only pre-treatment T stage was a significant pre-operative factor (p=0.018). The complete pathological response rate was 9.1 %. T-downstaging was observed in ten (30.3%) patients, whereas N-downstaging was found in 24 (72.7%) patients. Pre-treatment T stage and the interval between CCRT and operation were the predictive factors for downstaging in a univariate analysis (p=0.029, 0.027). Pre-treatment carcinoembryogenic antigen was also associated with marginal significance (p=0.068). Conclusion: The survival of rectal cancer patients can be better determined based on post-operative findings. Therefore, pre-operative CCRT for downstaging of the tumor seems to be important. Pre-treatment T stage and the interval between CCRT and operation can be used to predict downstaging.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.486-490
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• 2015

Two-demensional echocardiography is routinely used for evaluation of cardiac function. Visualization of the endocardial border is essential for the assessment of global and regional left ventricular with cardiac disease. SonoVue$^{TM}$ is a microbubble contrast agent that consists of sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubbles in a phospholipid shell. There were many studies about contrast echocardiographic examination using SonoVue$^{TM}$ contrast agent, and various doses of SonoVue$^{TM}$ were used. To our knowledge, in published veterinary medicine, there was not reported for diagnostic efficient dose of SonoVue$^{TM}$ to evaluate contrast enhanced left ventricular endocardial border delineation (LVEBD). The purpose of this study is to compare the visualization time of LVEBD and find efficient dose of SonoVue$^{TM}$ for using various doses in dogs. Ten healthy Beagles were recruited to the study. Three different doses (0.03 ml/kg, 0.05 ml/kg and 0.1 ml/kg) of SonoVue$^{TM}$ were injected. Endocardial segments were assigned based on previously established methodology, where by the four-chamber views of the LV were divided into 6 segments. In this study, Contrast enhancement of the LVEBD after each injection was evaluated visually at the time point of overall contrast enhancement (Segmental scoring 5+) in the LV by three investigators in a blind manner. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 14.0. All data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, the multiple comparison Scheffe test. When data for the three offsite readers were combined, mean durations of useful contrast were $3.54({\pm}2.14)$, $6.15({\pm}2.61)$, and $24.39({\pm}11.10)$ seconds for the 0.03 ml/kg, 0.05 ml/kg, and 0.1 ml/kg SonoVue$^{TM}$ doses, respectively. After injection of contrast agent, there were no significant change in side effects such as urticaria, angioedema, hypersensitivity reactions, and digestive system disorders. This study suggests that efficient dose of SonoVue$^{TM}$ contrast agent for improvement of the left ventricle visualization is 0.1 ml/kg. The duration of useful enhancement of LVEBD and the reproducibility were also the highest at the 0.1 ml/kg dosage.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 1998

Purpose : We retrospectively analyzed the impact of subpleural lesions of early stage non-small cell lung cancer on the patterns of failure to support selection of postoperative adjuvant therapy. Methods and Materials : The study included 91 patients who underwent surgery for early stage non-small cell lung cancer at Dong-A University Hospital from Dec 1990 to Sep 1996. Twenty five patients were excluded due to postoperative mortality (four patients, 4.4$\%$) and stage III (21 patients). Of 66 patients, 22 patients were subpleural lesions (15 patients in stage I, and seven patients in stage II). Postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy was given to seven patients with T2Nl disease. The median follow-up duration was 29.5 months (range; 8-84 months). Results : The overall survival rate was 69.5$\%$ at 3 years. For all patients who presented with (22 patients) and without (44 patients) subpleural lesions, 3-year overall survival rates were 35.5$\%$ and 84.6$\%$, respectively (p=0.0017). For stage I patients who presented with (15 patients) and without (29 patients) subpleural lesions, 3-year overall survival rates were 33.1$\%$ and 92.3$\%$, respectively (p=0.001). For stage II patients who presented with (7 patients) and without (15 patients) subpleural lesions, 3-year overall survival rates were 53.3$\%$ and 45.7$\%$, respectively (p=0.911). For patients with T2N0 disease (34 patients) who presented with (11 patients) and without (23 patients) subpleural lesions, 3-year overall survival rates were 27.3$\%$ and 90.3$\%$, respectively (p=0.009). Conclusion : These observations suggest that the subpleural lesion play an important role as a prognostic factor for early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Especially for T2N0 disease, patients with subpleural lesions showed significantly lower survival rate than those without that.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in moisture retention capacities of expanded rice-hull (ERH)-based root media and their influences on the growth of mother and daughter plants in vegetative propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. The proportion of water at the container capacity of ERH medium was in the range of 20 to 23%. This range was lower than the 60 to 66% of strawberry-specialized medium, the 30 to 34% of soil mother material (SMM) and the 30 to 35% of loamy sand. The moisture content of ERH was reduced to 10 to 12% at 8 hours after irrigation, and there were large variations among replications of ERH medium. Among four kinds of root media formulated to contain ERH, the medium of ERH + coir dust (CD) (55 + 45%, v/v) had 26.5 and 32.5% water contents at 20 and 40 days after irrigation to daughter plants, respectively. The m edia o f ERH + sandy loam (S L) and E RH + S MM showed similar trends i n moisture r etention. The pH and EC i n the all root media tested were in the range of 6.7 to 7.1 and 0.03 to $0.08dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. The pHs and ECs measured at 20 and 40 days after irrigation were not significantly different in each root medium. Among the root media formulated to contain ERH, the growth of daughter plants was the highest in the treatment of ERH + SL (55 + 45%, v/v). As the blending rate of coir dust was elevated in the ERH + CD media, moisture retention capacity increased gradually, but the growth of daughter plants became worse even though the medium showed higher moisture retention capacity than other root media tested. The growth of roots and aboveground tissues of daughter plants deteriorated in the root media formulated by blending ERH + perlite (PE) at various ratios. The results of this research suggest the optimum formulations of root media and management of moisture content in raising of strawberry daughter plants when ERH is a component of root media.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1973

The authors identified eighty-eight Shigella cultures among about four thousands specimens collected from all over the country in 1972. Of eighty-eight cultures, seventy-seven cultures belonged to Shigella flexneri and eleven cultures to Shigella sonnei. None of cultures belonging to either subgroup A or C was detected in 1972. Of seventy-seven cultures of Shigella flexneri one was $B_{1b}$, fifty-six were $B_{2a}$, nine were $B_{3a}$, six were $B_{4a}$, three were By and one was each of $B_{3b}$ and $B_{3c}$. Of eleven cultures of Shigella sonnei seven cultures appeared to be phase I and the others phase II. Although there was quite a difference found in the incidence of isolating Shigella organisms between different areas as shown in Table 1, it would not be possible to understand that there might not have been the cases or carriers of Shigella in the areas where the organisms were not isolated in 1972. Concerning the biochemical properties it was not possible to compare the results obtained from the decarboxylase and dihydrolase tests with them obtained in previous years except that of lysine decarboxylase tests since they were not reported individually by the different serotypes in the previous reports. These results obtained in 1972 would be the data for the future comparison. In regards to the antibiotics-sensitivity of Shigella cultures the most of them showed sensitive results to nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, cephalosporin, gentamycin and geopen, and the majority of them appeared to be resistant to cloxacillin, tetracycline and streptomycin by means of the In Vitro tests.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2013

Experiments for net cage culture at sea were conducted in each $2.4{\times}2.4$ m in area and took the samples from four different densities: 150, 300, 450 and 600 per cross-sectional area ($m^2$) of shelter. The same stocking densities applied to indoor tank culture to investigate the growth and survival rate. The size of juvenile abalone sample was $36.14{\pm}2.28$ mm for net cage culture and $38.62{\pm}3.22$ mm or indoor tank. Feed such as raw brown sea mustard, raw kelp and dried kelp was sufficiently provided to the abalone. In net cage culture experiment, the growth of the spat of juvenile abalone was the fastest $60.53{\pm}5.75$ mm in the 150 abalone cage per square meter ($m^2$), followed by the 300 abalone cage at $54.01{\pm}5.17$ mm, 450 abalone cage at $51.48{\pm}5.37$ mm and 600 abalone cage at $51.09{\pm}4.96$ mm in order. In the meantime, in the indoor tank experiment, the 150 abalone indoor tank was the fastest $47.50{\pm}6.31$ mm per square meter, followed by the 300 abalone tank at $45.92{\pm}5.23$ mm, the 450 abalone tank at $44.24{\pm}5.59$ mm and the 600 abalone tank at $43.62{\pm}4.44$ mm in order. The survival rate was more than 97.9% in all the experiments, not showing a significant difference.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2009

Heteropappus arenarius Kitam., an autumn-flowering biennial belonging to wild chrysanthemums, is found to be native in southeastern coastal area and Jeju island of Korea. It could play a good role for ground cover plants on a large-scale landscape area, especially, barren soil or sloping hillside. This study was initiated to screen optimum germination temperature influenced by local strain and harvesting stage of H. arenarius. The following was the response of seed germination between local strain and temperature. The average of final germination percentage (FG) was the highest in 'Guryongpo' (89.7%) among four local strains, followed by 'Gujwa' (87.3%), 'Gampo' (87.3%), and 'HKNU-I' (71.5%). The average of $T_{50}$ was shorter in 'Gujwa' (3.6 d) and 'Guryongpo' (4.0 d) than the others. The average of FG and $T_{50}$ was the highest as 76.2% and shortest as 3.6 d in $20^{\circ}C$, respectively, followed by $30^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $15^{\circ}C$. In case of 'Gujwa', however, FG and T50 was higher in $20^{\circ}C$ and shorter in $15^{\circ}C$ than others. In the relationship between harvesting stage and temperature, the average of FG was greatly higher in Stage III (90.7%) and Stage IV (88.6%) than the others including Stage II (35.7%) and Stage I (26.0%). The average of $T_{50}$ was shorter in Stage IV (3.7 d) and Stage III (4.3 d) than the others, which showed less than 50% of FG. Nevertheless, the available range of seed harvesting stage was from Stage I to Stage IV because H. arenarius seeds could germinate at all stages. In conclusion, it was recommended that the optimum temperature and harvesting stage was $20^{\circ}C$ and Stage $III{\sim}IV$, respectively, for seed germination of H. arenarius.