• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.112-128
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• 2003

Since areas of pain and dysfunction of musculoskeletal typically suffered by the patients with back disorders spread all over the body, WBIP(GCM Program) for the primary treatment and management is required. The purpose of this study is to analyze if WBIP(GCM Program) based on the hyper/hypomobility pattern of Four Body Types can identify the effective treatment of back disorders and the effect on the postural balanced restoration of the spine and extremities. Non-specific back disorder is still a major reason for sick leave. And moreover, its been reported that there was often recurrence to the patients whose symptom had been diminished. As a WBIP(GCM Program) based on kinematic chain patterns of Four Body Types, this study gave a new information on the effective diagnosis, treatment and management of non-specific back disorders. 337 patients above the twenty-five years old with the non-specific back disorders at the hospital and oriental medical clinics at Kyungnam and Busan areas in South Korea from August 24th, 2000 to Feb 23rd, 2001 have randomly been assigned to four experimental groups such as Whole Body Intervention Program Group, Physical Therapy Group like modality treatments, Acupuncture-Treatment Group, and Placebo Control Group. According to intervention program applied to the each four group for three times per week(twelve times per 4weeks), as the time-series methods, we compared and evaluated the body status of the pretest with that of post treatment completion of four week, three month, and six month, respectively. As the analytical method of measurement, our researchers used the Moire Interferometry Unit and Postural Kit that could measure the postural balance of spine and extremities. The collection of data was performed in the designated hospital and oriental medical clinics. For the analysis of the data, the SPSS 10.0 package program was used. X2-test has been taken in order to compare and analyze characteristics and GPES of the patients in four experimental groups. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test has been adopted in order to compare the effects of the balanced restoration of the spine and extremities among four Groups categorized for this study. Statistical significance was accepted at the 0.05 level of confidence The effect of the balanced restoration on the spine and extremities of the patients with non-specific back disorders has been proved in all of the Groups. As for the restoration degree, however, WBIP(GCM Program) Group produced the highest effectiveness in terms of the fact that it had a dense moire in comparison with the other three Groups and that the Moires of both sides had the same level by the time(p<0.01). WBIP(GCM Program) based on four tilting types of scapular and ilium and hyper/hypomobility pattern took a higher effect on the balanced restoration of the spine and extremities through a whole body as well as the treatment of back disorders than the other three Groups which the usual remedy without classification of body type had been applied to.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.283-290
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• 2016

This study presents an 8x four-group inner-focus zoom lens with one-moving group for a compact camera by use of a focus tunable lens (FTL). In the initial design stage, we obtained the powers of lens groups by paraxial design based on thin lens theory, and then set up the zoom system composed of four lens modules. Instead of numerically analytic analysis for the zoom locus, we suggest simple analysis for that using lens modules optimized. After replacing four groups with equivalent thick lens modules, the power of the fourth group, which includes a focus tunable lens, is designed to be changed to fix the image plane at all positions. From this design process, we can realize an 8x four-group zoom system having one moving group by employing a focus tunable lens. The final designed zoom lens has focal lengths of 4 mm to 32 mm and apertures of F/3.5 to F/4.5 at wide and tele positions, respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

According to Confucianism, the world before Confucius focused on respecting the heaven which meant that everything could be done by the heaven. After the period of Confucianism, Joo-Ja asserted that everything could be done by nature. During the Chosun Dynasty, philosophers such as Seo Kyung-duck, Lee Hwang, and Lee Yi talked about four characters and seven passions of human being. They started to focus more on the inside of human nature. During the later period of the Chosun Dynasty, a philosopher by the name of Dongmugong Lee Jema analyzed that one's nature and feelings can change his or her external matter and the function of internal organs by purity or impurity of one's mind. Based on these analysis, Dongmugong discovered 'sasangin' which puts more emphasis on one's state of mind compared to the outside the world. Also, Dongmugong tried to figure out the connections between Confucianism and medical science. If you use change fire and stone theory which is difference between hado and nock-seo to expain four seven theory one's mind could be define as four natural characters and seven feelings. From four seven theory four is ying and seven is yang. This is the method of cure and understand the structure of human body. And also, four natural characters and seven feelings can be divided into heaven and earth. You can see Four natural characters is far more similar to heaven and seven feelings are similar to earth. According to four-seven theory hado is permanent and you can find out 'sasangin' is permanent also. Since seven feelings are influenced by sam-jae, you can analogize there are 21 different types in 'sasangin'. An underlying principle should there be 28 different types of sasangin instead of 21 different types of sasangin but one quater of sasangin is hidden according to samhyuniljang theory. All creations in the world are organized by unification of the great absolute and symmetry distinction of yingyang. With these facts identity of the heaven, earth and man which is named samjae generates symbols of independent sasang. And also, sasang generates relations between five element, six energy and the six family relation. From six family relation comes seven feelings of man which creates a category of the eight trigrams for divination and unification of nine palace. All these process are united.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.127-130
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• 1983

Esophageal atresia and Tracheoesophageal fistula may occur as separate entities but usually occur in combination. First described by Durston in 1970, esophageal atresia was not successfully treated until 1939 when the first two survivors of staged correction were described by Ladd and Leven. In 1941, Haight and Towsley performed the first successful primary repair. Authors report four cases of esophageal atresia of which two cases were treated surgically in success with Haight`s method. The type of four cases were all the same as upper blind pouch and lower tracheoesphageal fistula. Two of them were associated with verterbral defect, imperforate anus and/or rib fusion. Two cases died within seven days due to parent`s refusal for operative therapy, others were treated surgically with Haight`s method. Operative patients tolerated all the operative procedure and recovered uneventfully, permitted feeding on 7th postoperative day. On follow up study, one patient revealed intermittent regurgitation and corrected with bougienation another with good health without complication.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.393-398
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• 1999

The main objective of this project is to define the ultimate bond performance of domestic prestressing strands in the precast prestensioned concrete beams. Eight specimens from four different companies were fabricated and tested in this study. Four-point loading tests were performed on the beams of domestic strands with an arbitrary anchorage length. The research has shown, that all seven specimens except one failed in bond are capable of developing their full flexural capacity and the strands within them are fully anchored even with the sudden transfer of frame cutting. Following results are summarized from the tests conducted. 1) All of the specimens are tested at an embedment lengths much shorter than those required by the ACI code, failed in flexure except one failed in bond. 2) It seems that the beam depth can not be an effective variable to estimate the bond length within these sections and length of specimens on this tests. 3) The development length with the stirrup space which are considered for correction factors in the equations of Russel and Paulsgrove, is fully accurate to determine the required length for the beam tested in this research.

• School Mathematics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.75-99
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop concept map as a tool of performance assessment in mathematics and to conduct feasibility test of the task. I developed and applied a concept map, an assessment tool, in the form of a mathematics performance task for 1st and 2nd year middle school students. I also conducted feasibility test of the task, and at the same time sought ways to guarantee reliability of the assessment procedure. Results of the task assessment can be summarized into the following four points. First, the concept map task was found to be appropriate for an assessment of mathematics in middle school. Second, results of all 10 factors on verification of validity of the content of the task were positive with over 50%. Third reliability of teachers who conducted marking of the four concept map tasks was high, all recording over .871 in correlation number.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.129-145
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to research and compare teachers' preferences for 'Great Math Class' by region and gender. The research was conducted on 261 high school math teachers by using non-probability sampling. As the results of the study, regional preference had no statistically significant difference in all four factors of 'Great Math Class' while gender preference had statistically significant difference only in the factor of teaching (methods) and learning methods. Both region and gender had statistically significant positive (+) relationship with preference for all four factors. This implies that it is necessary to consider socio-cultural factors rather than teachers' perception on class for regional differences in academic achievements in mathematics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.25-33
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out objective and scientific grounds on the effect of Spiral Balanced Taping(SBT) by examining physiological change according to pain reduction and understanding the relationship physiological change and pain. Method : 32 female students who was from 20 to 25 years old($22.06{\pm}1.13$). Regarding the range of pain, each 16 female students ranged in the right and the left. The subjects selected the most comfortable method of six taping methods related with trapezius. They were examined with four measurement methods(Visual Analogue Scale : VAS, Algometer, Digital Infrared Thermograph Imaging(DITI), and Cervical Range of motion : CROM) and measured before treatment, right after treatment, 30 minutes later after treatment and 60 minutes later after treatment. Result : According to the result of Repeated measure ANOVA, there was a significant difference with all four methods before and after treatment. In addition there was a significant difference in proportion to time. As a result of stepwise regression, VAS was the highest with Digital Infrared Thermograph Imaging(r2=0.136) and pressure pain threshold was the highest in the range of cervical motion. Conclusion : There was the effect of SBT to all four measurement method and it was effective with measuring VAS and DITI, or Algometer and CROM together.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.451-465
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• 2020

This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) with four types of steel fibers; micro steel (MS), crimped (C), round crimped (RC) and hooked-end (H), in two fiber contents of 1% and 2% (by volume) and two lengths of 13 and 30 mm. Compression, direct tension, and four-point bending tests were carried out on four types of specimens (prism, cube, dog-bone and cylinder), to study tensile and flexural strength, fracture energy and modulus of elasticity. Results were compared with UHPC specimens without fibers, as well as with available equations for the modulus of elasticity. Specimens with MS fibers had the best performance for all mechanical properties. Among macro fibers, RC had better overall performance than H and C fibers. Increased fibers improved all mechanical properties of UHPFRC, except for modulus of elasticity, which saw a negligible effect (mostly less than 10%). Moreover, nonlinear finite element simulations successfully captured flexural response of UHPFRC prisms. Finally, nonlinear regression models provided reasonably well predictions of flexural load-deflection behavior of tested specimens (coefficient of correlation, R² over 0.90).

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.63-71
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• 2022

This paper aims to compare and verify the antibacterial effects of cotton fabrics naturally dyed with extracts of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai, Caesalpinia sappan, Saururus chinensis, and Artemisia princeps against antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. After natural dyeing of the test fabric, Al, Cu, Fe mordants were used. The color fastness against washing, rubbing, and perspiration of the cotton fabrics dyed with the 4 types of extracts were mostly excellent. However, the color fastness against light showed poor results for all four types. As for the antibacterial test method, MRSA (ATCC 33591) was applied to the cotton fabrics dyed with the four kinds of extracts and cultured for 24 hours. After that, the bacteria that proliferated on the fabrics were collected and spread on a solid medium. The bacteria were measured to find out the bacteriostatic reduction rate for the antibiotic-resistant strains. As a result of the analysis, all four extracts showed a high bacteriostatic reduction rate of more than 99% when the copper mordant was used. Even with the lack of a mordant, the bacteriostatic reduction rate was high, at 99.9% for Caesalpinia sappan and 94.6% for Saururus chinensis.