• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2000

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate dentin bonding by two different dentin bonding systems(DBS) using acetone based primer or adhesive [All Bond 2(AB2), One Step(OS)] when they were applied by wet or dry bonding technique. Morphology of resin-dentin interface and hybrid layer thickness(HLT) were investigated using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope(CLSM) and compared to shear bond strength(SBS). 72 extracted sound human molars were randomly divided into 4 groups of 18 teeth each - Group 1.(AW); AB2 by wet bonding. Group 2(AD); AB2 by dry bonding. Group 3.(OW); OS by wet bonding, Group 4.(OD); OS by dry bonding. In 6 teeth of each group, notch-shaped class V cavities(depth 2mm) were prepared on buccal and lingual surface at the cementoenamel juction(12 cavities per group). To obtain color contrast in CLSM observation, bonding resins of each DBS were mixed with rhodamine B and primer of AB2 was mixed with sodium fluorescein. Prepared teeth of each group were treated with AB2, OS, respectively according to the manufacturer's instructions except for dentin surface moisture treatment after acid etching. In group 1 and 3, after acid etching, excess water was removed with wet tissue(Kimwipes), leaving consistently shiny, visibly hydrated dentin surface. In group 2 and 4, dentin surface was dried for 10 seconds at 1 inch distance. The treated teeth were then packed with composite resin(${\AE}$litefil) and light-cured. 12 microscopic samples($60{\sim}80{\mu}m$ thickness) of each group were obtained after longitudinal section and grinding(Exakt cutting and grinding system). Morphological investigation of resin-dentin interface and HLT measurement using CLSM were done. For measurement of SBS, remaining 12 teeth of each group were flattened occlusally to remove all enamel and grinded to 500 grit SiC(Pedemet Specimen Preparation Equipment). After applying DBS on the exposed dentin surface, composite resin was applied in the shape of cylinder, which has 5mm diameter, 1.5mm thickness, and light cured. SBS was measured using Instron with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. It was concluded as follows, 1. HLT of AW(mean: $2.59{\mu}m$) was thicker than any other group, and followed by AD, OW, OD in descending order(mean; 2.37, 2.28, $1.92{\mu}m$). Only OD had statistically significant differences(p<0.05) to AW and AD. 2. There were intimate contact of resin and dentin at the interface in wet bonding groups, but gaps or irregular interfaces were observed in dry bonding groups. 3. The length, diameter, density of resin tags were various even in the same group without significant differences between groups and lots of adhesive lateral branches were observed. 4. There were no statistically significant difference of SBS between AB2 and OS, but SBS of wet bonding groups were significantly higher(p<0.05) than dry bonding groups. 5. There were no consistent relationships between HLT and SBS.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.233-259
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• 2020

Using bonded fiber-reinforced polymer laminates for strengthening wooden structural members has been shown to be an effective and economical method. In this research, properties of suitable composite materials (sika wrap), adhesives and two ways of strengthening beams exposed to bending moment are presented. Passive or slack reinforcement is one way of strengthening. The most effective way of such a strengthening was to place reinforcement laminates in the stretched part of the wooden beam (lower part in our case), in order to investigate the effectiveness of externally bonding FRP to their soffits. The model is based on equilibrium and deformations compatibility requirements in and all parts of the strengthened beam, i.e., the wooden beam, the sika wrap composite plate and the adhesive layer. The theoretical predictions are compared with other existing solutions. This research is helpful for the understanding on mechanical behaviour of the interface and design of the composite-wooden hybrid structures. The results showed that the use of the new strengthening system enhances the performance of the wooden beam when compared with the traditional strengthening system.

• 월간산업보건
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• 통권8호
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• pp.4-30
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• 1988

Examination of working environments was conducted to get more detailed data about harmful working environments and to make a contribution to more effective management. Study was carried out on 722 factories located in Taegu city and eight counties in Kyungpook Province, Korea, for a period of one year, from February 1 to December 30, 1986. The total number and proportion of workers exposed to harmful material was 37,697, 45.2% among 83,368 workers. The results according to exposed material were as follows: 1. In the case of noise, proportion of exceeding the 8-hour TLV was 59%, Included were nail-cutting in assembly metal manufacturing industry and weaving process in textile. 2. Dust in mill process of coal manufacturing industries exceeded the TLV of second class of dust at all parts and exceeded the TLV at 6% as a whole.: 3. The fields of industry lower than 70 lux of illumination were storage equipment of food, auto-winder of textile, painting of wood wares and coal mixing, and 44% of all cases was lower than standard. 4. As a result of temperature index investigation(WBGT), about 12% of all sujects exceeded limit value. Included parts were rolling machine and reducing room. 5. In the case of organic solvents, TLV was exceeded at about 8%, The parts exceeded TLV according to materials belonged to this category were as follows. 1) Toluene: adhesive work in assembly metal manufacturing 2) Xylene: printing and paint mixing in chemical manufacturing 3) Methyl ethytl ketone: paint mixing in all parts examined and coating machine partially in chemical manufacturing 4) Methyl isobutyl ketone: printing in chemical manufacturing 5) Acetone: vapor polishing in assembly metal manufacturing 6. Among specified chemical materials, the concentration of HC1 in the air in metal assembly manufacturing factory exceeded TLV. in one of three assembly metal manufacturing examined. Others, such as benzene, acetic acid, formic acid, sodium hydroxide, formalin, ammonia, copper, chromate etc. were lower than TLV in its indoor atmospheric concentration. As a whole, the proportion of exceeding TLV was about 0.8% 7. The concentrations of inorganic lead were lower than TLV in all parts examined. The results of this investigation show the fact that current management of working environments is not satisfactory, and so more active management is needed.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.427-437
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• 2000

Recently the 2nd generation laboratory composite resins were introduced. Although the mechanical properties of these composite resins have been improved, there were some disadvantages such as discoloration, low abrasion resistance and debonding between metal and resin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength between non-pecious dental alloy(verabond) and four veneering reinforced composite resins ; Targis(Ivoclar Co., U.S.A.), Artglass(Kulzer CO., Germany), Sculpture(Jeneric Pentron Co., U.S.A.), and Estonia(Kurary Co., Japan). All test metal specimens were polished with #1,000 SiC paper, and sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. After then. according to manufacturer's instructions metal adhesive primer and veneering resins were applied. All test specimens were divided into two groups. One group was dried in a desiccator at $25^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, the other group was subjected to thermal cycling($2,000{\times}$) in water($5/55^{\circ}C$). Tensile bond strength was measured using Instron Universal Testing machine and the fractured surface was examined under the naked eyes and scanning electron microscope. Within the limitations imposed in this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In no-thermal cycling groups, there were no significant differences between Estenia and VMK68 but there were significant differences between Targis, Artglass, Sculpture and VMK68(p<0.05). 2. In no-thermal cycling resin groups, the highest tensile bond strength was observed in Estenia and there were significant differences between Estenia and the other resins(p<0.05). 3. Before and after thermal cycling, there were significant differences in tensile bond strength of Targis and Artglass(p<0.05). The tensile bond strength of Artglass was decreased and that of Targis was increased. 4. In no-thermal cycling groups, Artglass showed mixed fracture modes(95%), but after thermal cycling, Artglass showed adhesive fracture modes(75%).

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.591-603
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• 2022

The flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by external bonding of composite materials has proved to be an efficient and practical technique. This paper presents a study on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete continuous beams with three spans (one span and two cantilevered) strengthened by bonding carbon fiber fabric (CFRP). The model is based on equilibrium and deformations compatibility requirements in and all parts of the strengthened continuous beam, i.e., the continuous concrete beam, the FRP plate and the adhesive layer. The adherend shear deformations have been included in the present theoretical analyses by assuming a linear shear stress through the thickness of the adherends. Remarkable effect of shear deformations of adherends has been noted in the results. The theoretical predictions are compared with other existing solutions that shows good agreement, and It shows the effectiveness of CFRP strips in enhancing shear capacity of continuous beam. It is shown that both the normal and shear stresses at the interface are influenced by the material and geometry parameters of the composite beam.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2024

PURPOSE. To evaluate the metameric disparities among monolithic zirconia materials with differing yttrium compositions across various lighting conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-six square-shaped zirconia samples measuring 10 × 10 × 0.5 mm were prepared from monolithic zirconia materials with three different yttrium contents. A 0.2 mm thick layer of polymerized dual-polymerizable self-adhesive resin cement was created using a silicone mold with the same dimensions as the prepared zirconia specimens. To evaluate metamerism, color measurements were conducted using a spectrophotometer device on a neutral gray background in a color measurement cabinet that offers four different illumination environments. All samples underwent aging by subjecting them to 10000 thermal cycles using a thermal cycle tester. Following thermal aging, color measurements were taken once more, and the data were recorded using the CIE L^*, a^*, b^* color system. Two-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Bonferroni tests were employed to analyze the data. RESULTS. It was observed that there was no statistical difference among the color measurements made in different illumination environments of the monolithic zirconia ceramics used to evaluate metamerism (P > .05). This observation remained consistent both before and after thermal aging. After thermal aging, the color of monolithic zirconia materials exhibited a tendency towards red and yellow hues, accompanied by a decrease in brightness levels. CONCLUSION. It can be stated that different illumination conditions did not affect the metamerism of monolithic zirconia materials, but there was a color change in monolithic zirconia materials after a thermal aging period equivalent to one year.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

심미성 복합레진은 자연 치질을 보존시키며 나아가 잔존 치질의 강도를 강화시켜 준다. 복합레진 수복시 더 많은 치질을 남기기 위해 첨와 (undercut) 형태의 교합면 치질을 남긴 채 복합레진으로 수복하는 경우가 많으나, 어느 정도 강도가 복원되는지에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 첨와 형태의 와동을 잔존 치질의 두께 (법랑질 / 법랑질과 상아질)에 따라 형성하고 복합레진으로 충전한 경우, 수복된 치아의 파절 저항성을 손상이 없는 자연치와 비교평가하였다. 상악 대구치 40개의 교합면을 편평하게 삭제한 후 방사선 사진에서 치수각의 위치를 확인하였다. 대상 치아를 각 10개씩 4개군으로 분류하였으며, 1$\sim$3군은 실험군으로 모두 협측에 깊이 7 mm, 근원심 폭경 5 mm의 첨와 형태 와동을 형성하였고, 와동저에서 치수각까지의 거리를 약 0.5 mm로 유지하였으며 교합면쪽의 치질 두께를 달리하였다. 1군은 법랑질과 소량의 상아질로 구성된 치질 두께를 1 mm, 2군은 법랑질과 상아질의 두께를 1.5 mm, 3군은 법랑질과 상아질의 두께를 2 mm가 되도록 하였고, 4군은 건전한 자연치를 와동형성 없이 대조군으로 사용하였다. 두께 측정은 방사선 사진을 스캔한 후 길이 확대 프로그램을 이용하였다. 각 와동을 37% 인산으로 산부식한 다음 단일병 접착제 Single $Bond^{TM}$ (3M/ESPE, USA)를 적용하였고 혼합형 복합레진 Filtek $SZ-250^{TM}$ (3M/ESPE, USA)을 사용하여 적층 충전하였다. 치아를 실온에서 증류수에 24시간 동안 보관한 다음 Sof-Lex system (3M/ESPE, USA)을 사용하여 연마하였다. 이후 자가중합형 레진에 교합면을 기저부에 평행한 상태로 치근부를 매몰한 다음 Universal testing machine (Zwick Z010, Germany)에서 지름 3 mm의 staineless steel rod를 1 mm/min의 cross-head speed로 하중을 가하여 파절 강도를 측정하였다. 통계 분석은 95% 유의 수준의 One-way ANOVA와 Tukey test를 이용하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 와동 형성 후 복합레진을 수복한 군들은 대조군에 비해 약 75%의 파절 강도를 보였다. 2. 교합면쪽 잔존 치질의 두께에 따른 파절 저항은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 복합레진을 이용하여 첨와 형태의 와동을 수복한 후 파절 강도를 측정한 결과 건전 치아보다는 강도가 낮았지만, 상부의 잔존 치질이 대부분 법랑질로 이루어진 경우에도 복합 레진으로 수복하면 건전 치아 파절 강도의 75%까지 유지할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다.

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2008년도 Spring Scientific Meeting(the 129th) of Korean Academy if Conservative Dentistry
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

심미성 복합레진은 자연 치질을 보존시키며 나아가 잔존 치질의 강도를 강화시켜 준다. 복합레진 수복시 더 많은 치질을 남기기 위해 첨와 (undercut) 형태의 교합면 치질을 남긴 채 복합레진으로 수복하는 경우가 많으나, 어느 정도 강도가 복원되는지에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 첨와 형태의 와동을 잔존치질의 두께 (법랑질 /법랑질과 상아질)에 따라 형성하고 복합레진으로 충전한 경우, 수복된 치아의 파절 저항성을 손상이 없는 자연치와 비교 평가하였다. 상악 대구치 40개의 교합면을 편평하게 삭제한 후 방사선 사진에서 치수각의 위치를 확인하였다. 대상 치아를 각 10개씩 4개군으로 분류하였으며, $1{\sim}3$군은 실험군으로 모두 협측에 깊이 7 mm, 근원심 폭경 5 mm의 첨와 형태 와동을 형성하였고, 와동저에서 치수각까지의 거리를 약 0.5 mm로 유지하였으며 교합면쪽의 치질 두께를 달리하였다. 1군은 법랑질과 소량의 상아질로 구성된 치질 두께를 1 mm, 2군은 법랑질과 상아질의 두께를 1.5 mm, 3군은 법랑질과 상아질의 두께를 2 mm가 되도록 하였고, 4군은 건전한 자연치를 와동형성 없이 대조군으로 사용하였다. 두께 측정은 방사선 사진을 스캔한 후 길이 확대 프로그램을 이용하였다. 각 와동을 37% 인산으로 산부식한 다음 단일병 접착제 Single $Bond^{TM}$ (3M/ESPE, USA)를 적용하였고 혼합형 복합레진 Filtek $Z-250^{TM}$ (3M/ESPE, USA)을 사용하여 적층 충전하였다. 치아를 실온에서 증류수에 24시간 동안 보관한 다음 Sof-Lex system (3M/ESPE, USA)을 사용하여 연마하였다. 이후 자가중합형 레진에 교합면을 기저부에 평행한 상태로 치근부를 매몰한 다음 Universal testing machine (Zwick Z010, Germany)에서 지름 3 mm의 staineless steel rod를 1 mm/min의 cross-head speed로 하중을 가하여 파절 강도를 측정하였다. 통계 분석은 95% 유의 수준의 One-way ANOVA와 Tukey test를 이용하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 와동 형성 후 복합레진을 수복한 군들은 대조군에 비해 약 75%의 파절 강도를 보였다. 2. 교합면쪽 잔존 치질의 두께에 따른 파절 저항은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 복합레진을 이용하여 첨와 형태의 와동을 수복한 후 파절 강도를 측정한 결과 건전 치아보다는 강도가 낮았지만, 상부의 잔존 치질이 대부분 법랑질로 이루어진 경우에도 복합 레진으로 수복하면 건전 치아 파절 강도의 75%까지 유지할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2000

During bonding procedure of composite resin, the prepared cavity can be contaminated by saliva. In this study, marginal microleakage and shear bond strength of a composite resin to primed enamel and dentin treated with artificial saliva(Taliva$^{(R)}$) were evaluated. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of fifty molars. The samples were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 10 samples in each group. Control group was applied with a bonding system (Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) according to manufacture's directions without saliva contamination. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups and contaminated with artificial saliva for 30 seconds after priming: Experimental 1 group ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air only, Experimental 2 group ; artificial saliva was rinsed and dried. Experimental 3 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. Experimental 4 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and primer was reapplied after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. All the cavities were applied a bonding agent and filled with a composite resin (Z-100$^{TM}$). Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from one specimen. Degree of marginal leakage was scored under stereomicroscope and their scores were averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruscal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal or occlusal surfaces of one hundred molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=50) or dentin(n=50) using diamond wheel saw and its surface was smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine(South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Samples were divided into 5 groups. Treatment of saliva-contaminated enamel and dentin surfaces was same as the marginal microleakage test and composite resin was bonded via a gelatin capsule. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 48 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine (AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute. Failure mode of fracture sites was examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Enamel marginal microleakage showed no significant difference among groups. 2. Dentinal marginal microleakages of control, experimental 2 and 4 groups were lower than those of experimental 1 and 3 groups (p<0.05). 3. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in control group (20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa) and the lowest value in experimental 1 group (13.28${\pm}$6.52MPa). There were significant differences between experimental 1 group and other groups (p<0.05). 4. The shear bond strength to dentin was higher in control group (17.87${\pm}$4.02MPa) and experimental 4 group (16.38${\pm}$3.23MPa) than in other groups, its value was low in experimental 1 group (3.95${\pm}$2.51 MPa) and experimental 2 group (6.72${\pm}$2.26MPa)(p<0.05). 5. Failure mode of fractured site on the enamel showed mostly adhesive failures in experimental 1 and 3 groups. 6. Failure mode of fractured site on the dentin did not show adhesive failures in control group, but showed mostly adhesive failure in experimental groups. As a summary of above results, if the primed tooth surface was contaminated with artificial saliva, primer should be reapplied after re-etching it.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.271-277
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• 1985

With modification of the acid etch technique and improvements of the physical and mechanical properties of the acrylic resin, the removal of directly bonded attachments and the finishing of the underlying enamel have become an acute clinical problem. This study was to evaluation the efficacy of recently introduced instrumentation and techniques to remove bonded brackets and residual resin, and restore the affected enamel surface to an acceptable clinical condition. Fortyeight premolar which were scheduled for extraction for orthodontic purposes were bonded with brackets using super-C ortho. Four additional premolars with untreated surfaces were used as controls. After one weak the brackets were removed and the residual resin removed by hand scaler, green stone, green rubber wheel, sandpaper disc, tungsten carbide bur, Sof-lex disc. Half the experimental teeth were given a final pumicing and then all were extracted and stored in 50 percent ethanol. The scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluated the enamel surface. Following results were obtained; 1. A satisfactory result was obtained by means of the Sof-lex disc. 2. The order of the scratch formation was the procedure using hand scaler, green atone, tungsten carbide bur, sandpaper disc, green rubber wheel, and Sof-lex disc. 3. The procedures using green stone and tungsten carbide bur showed many groove formations and the other procedures showed none. 4. final pumicing serves effectively to remove residual adhesive and restore the enamel surface.