• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

결합 기반 페리다이나믹 모델은 간단한 재료 모델을 통해 취성 재료의 다양한 동적 파괴 특성을 확인할 수 있었지만, 다양한 재료 구성 모델을 표현하는데 많은 한계점이 나타났다. 특히, 절점 간 결합이 서로 독립적으로 작용하여 포아송 비가 고정되고 전단 변형이 표현되는 않는 문제점이 있다. 상태 기반 페리다이나믹 모델은 보다 일반화되고 엄밀한 재료 모델링이 가능하며, 모든 결합의 변형 정보를 통해 각 절점의 거동이 계산되기 때문에 결합 기반 모델에서 표현하지 못한 전단 변형까지도 표현 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 상태 기반 페리다이나믹 모델을 통해 재료 모델을 구성하고, 소성 흐름 법칙으로부터 재료의 완전 소성 거동을 표현할 수 있도록 간단한 재료 모델을 구성한다. 평판 수치 예제를 통해 구성된 완전 소성 재료 모델을 검증하고 응력 변형 곡선을 확인한다. 또한 비국부 접촉 모델링을 통해 서로 다른 두 물체가 충돌하는 현상을 모사하여, 화강암반 모델의 고속 충돌 파괴 해석을 수행하고 결과분석 및 실험현상과 비교한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2001

Flowable composite resin has lower filler content, increased flow, and lower modules of elasticity. It is suggested that flowable composite resin can be bonded to the tooth structure intimately and absorb or dissipate the stress. Therefore, it may be advantageous to use flowable composite resin for the base material of class II restoration and for the class V restoraton. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage and shear bond strength of four flowable composite resins (Aeliteflo, Flow-It, Revolution, Ultraseal XT Plus) compared to Z100 using Scotchbond Multi Purpose dentin bonding system. To evaluate the microleakage, notch-shaped class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 80 extracted human premolars and molars on cementum margin. The teeth were randomly divided into non-thermocycling group (group 1) and thermocycling group (group 2) of 40 teeth each. The experimental teeth of each group were randomly divided onto five subgroups of eight samples (sixteen surfaces). The Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and composite resin were applied for each group following the manufacturer's instructions. the teeth of group 2 were thermocycled five hundred times between 5$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. The teeth of group 2 were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in clear resin, and sectioned longitudinally with a diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen were observed with a stereomicioscope at $\times$20 magnification. To evaluate the shear bond strength, 60 teeth were divided into five groups of twelve teeth each. The experimental teeth were ground horizontally below the dentinoenamel junction, so that no enamel remained. After applying Scotchbond Multi-Purpose on the dentin surface, composite resin was applied in the shape of cylinder. The cylinder was 4mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness. Shear bond strength was measured using Instron with a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min. After shear bond strength measurement, mode of failure was evaluated with a stereomicroscope at $\times$30 magnification. All data were statistically analyzed by One Way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls method. The correlation between microleakage and shear bond strength was analyzed by linear regression. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. In non-thermocycling group, the leakage value of Z100 was significantly lower than those of flowable composite resins at the enamel and dentin margin, margin, except that Revolution showed the lower leakage value than that of Z100 at the dentin margin (p<0.05). 2. In thermocycling group, the leakage values of Z100 and Ultraseal XT Plus were lower than those of other subgroup at the enamel and dentin margin, except that Flow-It showed the lower leakage value than that of Ultraseal XT Plus at the dentin margin (p<0.05). 3. The leakage value of Z100 and Ultraseal XT Plus in thermocycling group were not higher than that in non-thermocycling group at the enamel margin. The leakage value of Z100 in thermocycling group was not higher than that in non-thermocycling group at the dentin margin (p<0.05). 4. As for the shear bond strength measurement, there were no statistically significant differences among groups (p<0.05). The shear bond strengths given in descending order were as follows: Z100(16.81$\pm$2.98 MPa), Flow-It(14.8$\pm$4.43 MPa), Aeliteflo(14.34$\pm$3.69 MPa), Revolution(13.46$\pm$4.23 MPa), Ultraseal XT Plus(12.83$\pm$3.16 MPa). 5. Failure modes of all specimens were adhesive failures. 6. There was no correlation between microleakage and shear bond strength.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.203-215
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• 1999

Floating debris was recorded from a training ship, Kaya, of Pukyong National University with about 12 knots speed at July 19~21, 1999 and July 24~26. The sampled area is the Yellow Sea (YS) connected from Cheju Is. of Korea to Qindao harbor of China, divided into 88 unit segments on survey routes. Debris fabrication materials were categorized with 6 items using the following; man-made or natural wood items, paper and cardboard, nylon netting and rope, styrofoams, vinyl and plastics, floating metal and glass containers. All identified items within a $120{\pm}20m$ wide band were recorded but ignored if beyond this boundary. The results of distribution of floating debris in the area are as follows: 1. The greatest quantities of marine debris discovered during the survey were $184pieces\;per\;km^2$ near Qindao harbor. The next polluted areas, Sohuksan islands, positioned in the eastern part of YS were scattered in about $40pieces/km^2$ or so. 2. Among items, woods, paper and cardboard, vinyl and plastics were found out near Qindao Coast of China. On the other hand, there were many styrofoams, nylon netting and rope near the area of Sohuksan islands in the eastern part of YS. 3. The distribution densities of western part of YS near Qindao are varied with largely range in items and quantities but those of the eastern part, near Sohuksan islands were nearly constant. 4. Styrofoams were composed of 63% among all debris in YS, next paper and cardboard 15%, and wood item, vinyl and plastics each 10%. Therefore, marine debris of YS is revealed that distribution characteristics and composition are very different in each area. These phenomena are concluded that they largely depend on the life styles in land and the utilities of the sea. And of items, styrofoams is dominated by the distribution pattern of YS. Furthermore, surveys are continuously being investigated, and from this it is hoped that a much wider coverage can be achieved, perhaps all sites of the YS and contributed to the finding sources, the stationary area and removal method of debris joined the flow patterns.

• 실천공학교육논문지
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• 제16권3_spc호
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• pp.391-399
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• 2024

우리나라의 모든 고속도로 톨게이트에서는 저속 축중기를 사용해 과적 화물 차량의 고속도로 본선 진입을 차단하고 있으나, 일부 화물 차량은 가변축을 조작할 수 있도록 불법으로 개조하고 축조작을 통해 단속을 회피하고 있다. 기존에 수행된 연구들에서는 주행중인 차량의 타이어들을 검출해 축조작의 여부를 판별하고 있지만, 고속도로 톨게이트 검문소의 차량 진입부가 매우 좁기 때문에 하나의 영상 프레임에 차량의 모든 타이어를 촬영하는 것이 현실적으로 어렵다는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 타이어의 검출이 아닌 화물 차량 적재함의 상하 높이 변화를 감지하는 방법으로 축조작 시도 여부를 판단할 수 있는 시스템을 제안하였다. 화물 차량의 적재함 높이 변화를 검출하는 방법으로 허프 변환을 이용해 차량 적재함의 대표선을 추출하고 대표선의 높이 변화를 측정하여 적재함의 수직 높이 변화를 감지하는 방법과 광류를 이용해 영상의 일정 영역 내의 픽셀들에 대한 모션 백터를 구하고 이를 누적하여 적재함의 수직 높이 변화를 감지하는 방법을 사용하였으며 두 방법을 비교 분석하고 장단점을 제시하였다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.24-38
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• 2019

도시는 산업화에 따른 극적인 공간적 변화로 대기오염 및 도시열섬현상 등 환경문제가 발생하고 있다. 도시 외곽의 산림에서 생성된 신선하고 차가운 공기가 도심으로 이동하는 통로인 바람길은 도시 환경문제 개선을 위한 공간계획적 방안으로 활용할 수 있다. 찬공기는 도시의 지형 및 토지이용에 따라 유동의 특성이 결정되며 이를 기반으로 한 중장기적인 대책이 마련되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 바람길 활용에 필요한 기초 자료 마련을 위해 경기도 수원시를 대상으로 KLAM_21 모델을 통해 야간의 찬공기 유동 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 수원시의 찬공기는 주로 북쪽의 대규모 산지인 광교산에서 생성되어 시가화지역으로 유입되며, 일몰 후 약 3시간이 지나서 도심까지 찬공기가 유입되었다. 구별로 지형 및 토지이용의 특성에 따라 찬공기 층의 깊이, 풍속, 풍향이 다르게 형성되고 있으며, 대규모 산림 인접 지역에서 찬공기의 유동이 활발하게 나타났다. 수원시 도심으로 찬공기가 유동되는 주요 바람길은 3개이며 모두 하천을 중심으로 형성되고 있다. 특히 하천과 주변 녹지의 연결성이 높으면 효과가 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 수원시의 바람길 활용을 위해서는 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 찬공기 유동에 대한 실측과 복합적 분석을 통해 기후지도를 작성하고 주요한 바람길의 보전과 확대를 위한 중장기적인 계획을 수립해야 할 것이다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1480-1484
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• 2003

This paper presents the design and development of network for housing estate security system. The system can cover up to 961 houses which can be up to 1,200 meters long transfer rate of 9,600 bps. This system uses checking and warning the abnormal situation. More over this system has ability to control switch on/off the electrical equipment in the house via AC line control system. The system consists of 4 parts. The first part is a security system of each house using MCS-51 microcontroller as a central processing unit scan 32 sensors and control 8 appliances and send alarm. The MCS-51 microcontroller received control signal via telephone used DTMF circuit. The second part is distributed two levels master/slave network implementing after RS-485 serial communication standard. The protocol its base on the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) 7 layers protocol model design focus on speed, reliability and security of data that is transferred. The network security using encrypt by DES algorithm, message sequence, time stamp checking and authentication system when user to access and when connect new device to this system. Flow control in system is Poll/Select and Stop-and-Wait method. The third part is central server that using microcomputer which its main function are storing event data into database and can check history event. The final part is internet system which users can access their own homes via the Internet. This web service is based on a combination of SOAP, HTTP and TCP/IP protocols. Messages are exchanged using XML format [6]. In order to save the number of IP address, the system uses 1 IP address for the whole village in which all homes and appliance in this village are addressed using internal identification numbers. This proposed system gives the data transfer accuracy over 99.8% and maximum polling time is 1,120 ms.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2005년도 제24회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1-1
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• 2005

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) has been conducting research and development of the Scramjet engines and their derivative combined cycle engines as hypersonic propulsion system for space access. Its history will be introduced first, and its recent advances, focusing on the engine performance progress, will follow. Finally, future plans for a flight test of scramjet and ground test of combined cycle engine will be introduced. Two types of test facilities for testing those hypersonic engines. namely, the 'Ramjet Engine Test Facility (RJTF)' and the 'High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel (HIEST)' were designed and fabricated during 1988 through 1996. These facilities can test engines under simulated flight Mach numbers up to 8 for the former, whereas beyond 8 for the latter, respectively. Several types of hydrogen-fueled scramjet engines have been designed, fabricated and tested under flight conditions of Mach 4, 6 and 8 in the RJTF since 1996. Initial test results showed that the thrust was insufficient because of occurrence of flow separation caused by combustion in the engines. These difficulty was later eliminated by boundary-layer bleeding and staged fuel injection. Their results were compared with theory to quantify achieved engine performances. The performances with regards to combustion, net thrust are discussed. We have reached the stage where positive net thrust can be attained for all the test coditions. Results of these engine tests will be discussed. We are also intensively attempting the improvement of thrust performance at high speed condition of Mach 8 to 15 in High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel (HIEST). Critical issues for this purposemay be air/fuel mixing enhancement, and temperature control of combustion gas to avoid thermal dissociation. To overcome these issues we developed the Hypermixier engine which applies stream-wise vortices for mixing enhancement, and the M12-engines which optimizes combustor entrance temperature. Moreover, we are going to conduct the flight experiment of the Hypermixer engine by utilizing flight test infrastructure (HyShot) provided by the University of Queensland in fall of 2005 for comparison with the HIEST result. The plan of the flight experiment is also presented.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2010

DUP (direct underside pressurization)-장치와 프로펠러가 있는 3 차원 형상의 위그선(WIG-craft) 주위의 유동특성을 수치적으로 해석하였다. 이를 통하여 위그선 주위의 공기역학 관점의 힘들과 모멘트에 대해 고찰하였다. 이 연구의 해석에 사용된 모델은 프로펠러, 동체, 날개와 동체아래의 압력실 (air chamber)을 포함한 전 영역에 대하여 수행하였다. DUP 장치는 추력의 일부를 동체 아래의 압력실에 정체시킴으로 이륙 시와 같이 낮은 속도에도 효과적으로 양력을 증가시켜 이륙 속도를 줄이는 장치이다. 이러한 DUP 장치는 동압의 증가로 인하여 항력이 증가하고 공기의 회전성분으로 인하여 추가적인 모멘트를 생성하게 된다. 위그선의 비대칭 유동에 의해 발생하는 요잉 및 롤링 모멘트가 위그선의 안정성에 미치는 영향은 매우 미미하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2013

Objective: To analyze the fatigue resistance, debonding force, and failure type of fiber-reinforced composite, polyethylene ribbon-reinforced, and braided stainless steel wire lingual retainers in vitro. Methods: Roots of human mandibular central incisors were covered with silicone, mimicking the periodontal ligament, and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. The specimens (N = 50), with two teeth each, were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10/group) according to the retainer materials: (1) Interlig (E-glass), (2) everStick Ortho (E-glass), (3) DentaPreg Splint (S2-glass), (4) Ribbond (polyethylene), and (5) Quad Cat wire (stainless steel). After the recommended adhesive procedures, the retainers were bonded to the teeth by using flowable composite resin (Tetric Flow). The teeth were subjected to 10,00,000 cyclic loads (8 Hz, 3 - 100 N, $45^{\circ}$ angle, under $37{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ water) at their incisoproximal contact, and debonding forces were measured with a universal testing machine (1 mm/min crosshead speed). Failure sites were examined under a stereomicroscope (${\times}40$ magnification). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: All the specimens survived the cyclic loading. Their mean debonding forces were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The DentaPreg Splint group (80%) showed the highest incidence of complete adhesive debonding, followed by the Interlig group (60%). The everStick Ortho group (80%) presented predominantly partial adhesive debonding. The Quad Cat wire group (50%) presented overlying composite detachment. Conclusions: Cyclic loading did not cause debonding. The retainers presented similar debonding forces but different failure types. Braided stainless steel wire retainers presented the most repairable failure type.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.64-76
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• 1978

A dimensional supply of petroleum fuels and increased competition for petroleum products has made the conservation of energy in grain drying an important cost and management factor. Research on solar grain drying is directed toward utilization of a renewable energy source as an alternative to petroleum fuels for drying. There are many technical and economic problems in accepting and adopting solor energy as a new energy source for grain drying. The purpose of this study are to assess the state of the art of solar grain drying and to find out the problems by reviewing literatures available. The results obtained may be summarized as follows; 1.It may be considered that the weather conditions in October of Korea was satisfactory for the forced natural air and solar heated air drying. 2. Solar energy is considered more applicable to low-temperature, In-storage drying systems than to high-temperature, high-speed drying systems. In-storage drying systems require low levels of heat input. The costs of collector systems to provide low temperature are considerably cheaper than for high-temperature systems. 3. Tubular type collector made of polyvinyle film seems to be the most practical at this stage of development and black-painted bare-plate collectors mounted on the outside of a typical, round, low-temperature drying bin can supply an appreciable amount of the energy efficiently needed for low-temperature grain drying at a lower cost. 4. All of the grains in solar drying tests was successfully dried up to safe storaged moisture levels without significant spoilage. Drying rates with solar system were faster than natural air drying systems, and usually a little slower than similar low-temperature electric drying systems. 5. Final grain moisture levels were lower in solar tests than in natural air tests, and generally higher than in tests with continuous heated air. 6. Savings of energy by use of solar collectors ranged from 23% to 55%, compared to the natural and electric ileated air drying systems. However, total drying cost effectiteness tvas not significant. Therefore, it is desirable that solar grain dry-ing sIFstems tvhich could be suitable for multiple heating purposes on farms shouldbe developed. 7. Supplemental heat with solar radiation did little to reduce air flow requirementsbut refuced drying time and increased the p\ulcornerobability of successful drying duringdrying poriod.