• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.993-998
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• 2017

De-icing salts applied to roads during winter enable safe driving conditions. However, these salts are eventually displaced to roadside areas at which they can negatively impact soil, vegetation, and water resources. This purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between foliar damage ratio (NY = 0-25%, SY = 26-50%, CY = 51-75%) on roadside trees (Ginko biloba) and seasonal impact of de-icing salts on soil and vegetation. Thirty roadside trees were selected at 8 m intervals between the Konkuk and Judeok intersections in Chung-ju city. The results reveal that seasonal soil acidity is relatively alkaline for foliar damage ratio of Ginko biloba was CY compared to NY. Also, electronic conductivity of each seasonal sampling was recorded as high in winter and spring, whereas the opposite trend is observed in summer. Various plants species were identified in abundance under roadside trees within NY roadside sections. These same species were observed in reduced numbers within CY sections. Strong negative correlations were identified between foliar damage ratio on roadside trees and vegetation. This relationship may be a method to use in predicting the accumulation of de-icing salt and visible injuries on roadside trees.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.83-83
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• 2000

Alkylketene dimer was known as a cellulose reactive or alkaline size because it does not require to fix to the fiber as do the traditional rosin sizes. A proposed sizing mechanism of AKD was the formation of P -ketoester bond between AKD and cellulose which provides the permanent attachment and the orientation of the hydrophobic alkylchains outward. However, some questions about the reaction had arisen and thus, the sizing mechanism of AKD has been a subject of controversy for several decades. The major concern of the controversy is that AKD is really reactive with cellulose or not in the papermaking conditions. In this study, reaction between AKD and pulp fiber was investigated, in order to find out whether AKD forms P-ketoester with pulp fiber during aging under no catalyzed neutral condition with obvious spectroscopic evidence. In addition, effect of aging treatment on the sizing development was studied. It has been disclosed that, in absence of water, AKD reacted with cellulose to form P -ketoester linkage under no catalyzed neutral condition, while, in presence of water, most of AKD was hydrolyzed to a dialkyl ketone or P -ketoacid. In addition, during the aging treatment of AKD-sized paper, its typical IR spectra bands gradually were reduced, completely disappeared after 6hr aging, and formed new absorption bands at 1707cm-' and shoulder peak at 1700cm-' which refer to the typical dialkylketone absorption bands. Therefore, the formation of P -ketoester between AKD and pulp fiber is impossible in the practical papermaking process. It could be suggested that the sizing development of AKD-sized paper is obtained by next two mechanism: 1) formation of a thin-layer of AKD on the fiber surface through melting and spreading of AKD emulsion particles by heat and 2) the hydrolysis of AKD to dialkyl ketone which has higher melting point, during drying and storage of AKD sized papers.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.628-633
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• 2012

위생적인 배추 생산을 위해 전기분해수를 이용하여 미생물 저해효과와 잔류농약 제거효과에 대해 연구하였다. 대조구는 TW로 세척하였으며, 상업적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 NaOCl 용액으로 세척하여 비교하였다. 배추의 초기 총균수와 대장균군수는 각각 6.64, 3.56 log cfu/g 수준이었으며 침지 시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 10분 경과 후, TW 처리구는 5.97 log cfu/g 수준이었으며 LAlEW와 SAcEW 처리구는 1.63-4.67 log cfu/g 수준으로 감소하였다. 특히 SAcEW-100처리구는 1.63 log cfu/g 수준으로 초기에 비해 5 log scale 이상 감소하여 가장 높은 효과를 나타내었다. 대장균군수는 초기에 3.56 log cfu/g 수준에서 10분 경과 후, TW와 NaOCl-50 처리구를 제외하고 검출되지 않았다. 잔류농약의 경우, 초기 chlorpyrifos, prothiofos 및 deltamethrin 함량은 각각 1.13, 1.91 및 0.67 ppm이었다. 세척 후, TW 처리는 32.28-38.46% 감소하였으며 NaOCl 처리구의 감소율은 36.93-50.13%으로 TW의 1.5배 수준 감소하였다. LAlEW-100 처리구와 SAcEW-100 처리구의 감소율은 63.79-78.30% 감소하여 TW와 NaOCl 처리구에 비해 효과적이었다. 비타민 C함량은 세척수에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결과적으로 전기분해수는 품질에 영향을 주지 않으면서 미생물 제어와 잔류농약 제거에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.44-50
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• 1984

견직물의 정연에 있어서 축합인산염 sodium pyrophosphate (S.T.P.) 및 sodium tripolyphosphate (S.T.P.)와 금속 이온봉쇄제 ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-2Na (E.D.T.A.)의 정연조제로서의 효과를 검토하고자 지하수와 Na형 이온교환연수를 사용한 정연용수에 있어서 이들 정연조제의 첨가가 수질과 정연견의 품질에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 구명하기 위한 시험결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 정연용수에 축합인산염을 첨가하면 경도가 감소되었으며 경도제거효과는 온도증가와 함께 현저히 향상되었고 동일처리농도에서는 S.P.P. 가 S.T.P. 보다 약간경도제거 효과가 높았다. 2. 정연용수에 알카리제로서 탄산소오다를 사용하면 경도가 증가되었으나 규산소오다를 첨가하면 경도가 감소되었다. 3. 정연종료시 정연액의 pH가는 S.P.P. 첨가구가 9.90, E.D.T.A.-2Na 첨가구는 9.95로서 대조인 미첨가구 9.80에 비하여 약간씩 높았다. 4. 축합인산염에 비하여 E.D.T.A-2Na가 용수중의 Fe$^{3+}$ 이온봉쇄작용에 효과적이었으며 축합인산염 중에서는 S.T.P.가 S.P.P.에 비하여 우수하였다. 5. 견포 연감률은 Na형이온교환연수 정연이 지하수정연에 비하여 높았고 견포의 굴곡강도(mgㆍcm)는 30.6으로서 지하수 정연구의 37.1 보다 감소되었다. 6. 지하수 정연에 있어서 E.D.T.A.-2Na첨가구가 축합인산염 첨가구에 비하여 연감률이 높고 강연도가 감소되며 압축탄성률이 향상되었다. 7. Na형 이온교환연수 정연에있어서 축합인산염과 E.D.T.A-2Na를 첨가하면 연감률향상 및 굴곡강도 감소의 효과가 있었지만 양 처리간의 유의차는 인정되지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 일반적인 염소소독법을 대체하기 위하여 살균소독수로의 유효성을 가진 강산성 및 약알칼리 전기분해수와 이산화염소수를 배추 세척에 적용하였다. 배추 표면에 $E.$ $coli$, $B.$ $cereus$, $Sal.$ Typhimurium, 및 $S.$ $aureus$를 인위적으로 오염시킨 후 각각의 살균소독수를 100 ppm의 농도로 하여 침지 시간을 달리하면서 미생물 제어효과를 비교하였다. 전체적으로 줄기 부분보다 잎 부분에서 세척 효과가 더 크게 나타났으며 네 가지 병원성 미생물에 대한 세척효과는 이산화염소수가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 수도수 처리 시 10분이 경과하여도 1 log CFU/g 이하의 낮은 감소 효과가 나타났으며, 살균소독수에 3분 침지 하였을 때 최소 감소효과는 약알칼리 전기분해수에서 1.3 log CFU/g였으며, 최대 감소효과는 이산화염소수에서 4.7 log CFU/g의 수준으로 수도수 세척에 비해 살균소독수의 미생물 감소효과가 크게 나타났다. 또한 5분과 10분 처리구에서 유의성은 있었으나 그 차이가 크지 않아 배추의 미생물학적 위험을 감소시키기 위해서는 5분정도 침지 시키는 방법이 효과적일 것으로 생각된다. 차아염소산 나트륨수와 비교 시 산성 및 약알칼리 전기분해수의 미생물 감소효과는 유사하거나 최대 2.7 log CFU/g 정도(LAlEW, B. cereus, 10분)의 차이를 나타냈고, 이산화염소수는 3.2 log CFU/g ($Sal.$ Typhimurium, 10분) 수준의 차이를 나타내어 본 연구에서 사용된 살균소독수가 염소소독 대체재로서 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 이산화염소수는 병원성 미생물을 제어하는 데는 우수한 것으로 평가되었으나 배추의 품질 저하가 야기되어 배추 적용에는 부적합한 것으로 판단된다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.90-108
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• 2003

Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) has been developed as prescriptions for the Soyeumin constitution. The hepatoprotective effect of the water extract of Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) was investigated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage. A single intra-peritoneal injection of CCl4 produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the significant rise of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum as compared to those of untreated normal group. Pretreatments of rats with Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) 500 mg/kg for 7 days) were significantly reduced AST, ALT, and ALP levels compared with CCl4-treated control group. Treatment of rats with CCl4 led to significantly increase in lipid peroxidation and significantly decrease in cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase. The oral administration of Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) water extract significantly inhibited the accumulation of microsomal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased the cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase activity. All these biochemical alterations resulting from CCl4 administration were inhibited by the pretreatment with Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SG1) extract. These results suggest that Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) water extract can be useful as a hepatoprotective agent. And the effect of NO modulation by NO synthesis or precursors, and Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang (SGT) water extract was researched on chronic liver damage induced by CCl4 administration. It was observed that endogenous NO protected the liver from lipid peroxidation, fibrosis, and damage. Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) water extract showed the hepatoprotective effect on the chronic liver cirrhosis model and relationship with NO modulation.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

When ginseng seedlings are cultured in paddy fields, quality degradation and yield reduction are induced by severe plant loss with chlorosis on leaves occurred physiological disorder by excessive salt and poor drainage, rusty-root occurrence, and root rot etc. Accordingly, in order to solve these problems, this study was performed to investigate the treatment method, concentrations and time of activated ion calcium as environment-friendly agricultural materials. Activated ion calcium is an enriched and purified water-soluble mineral calcium component for absorbing quickly into plant as a highly functional calcium and it is an alkaline calcium of 37% (370 $m{\ell}$/1 ${\ell}$) concentration with pH 13. Treatment method was that ginseng seeds were sown after removing water in the shade after seed immersion for 1 minute with active ion calcium of 20-fold diluted solution, and then irrigated $4{\ell}$ per 3.3 $m^2$ with 200-fold, 400-fold, and 600-fold diluted solution before emergence on late March, and supplied 1 time on leaves with 500-fold diluted solution in June and July respectively. The disease rate by treatment of activated ion calcium was that on the treatment of soil irrigated with 200-fold diluted solution compared to non-treated soil, damping-off was 33%, anthracnose was 100% reduced and the occurrence rate of rusty-root was 30% reduced. In addition, when active ion calcium of 200-fold diluted solution were soil irrigated, first and second grade ginseng were respectively 26% and 22% produced more, compared with control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.355-365
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment (1% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 1 AHPMS, 2% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 2AHPMS) on rate and extent of degradation of mustard straw (MS) in sacco in sheep, and its in vivo digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed to sheep with concentrate (200 g per sheep daily). The treatment of straw with 1 and 2% AHP increased its sodium content by 148 and 296% to that of untreated straw (UMS). There was significant decrease in NDF and hemicellulose contents of AHP treated straw and increase in cellulose and lignin contents. Phenolic acids like ferrulic, $\rho$-coumaric and o-coumaric significantly (p<0.001) reduced by AHP treatment of mustard straw. In first experiment the in sacco degradation of DM, OM and NDF was significantly (p<0.01) greater for 2 AHPMS than for UMS at all incubation periods. The disappearance of nutrient from 1 AHPMS and 2 AHPMS treated straws continue to increase up to 96 h whereas in UMS the peak disappearance was found at 48 h. By using the equation {(y=a+b) ($1-e^{-ct}$)} the degradation rates (c) for DM, OM, and NDF were significantly higher for UMS than AHP treated straws. Level of alkali (1 and 2%) had significant effect on degradation characteristics (a, b, c and $P_{0.05}$) of DM and NDF fraction of MS. However, the effect was not pronounced on OM fraction of MS. In feeding experiment, the intake of nutrients for DM, OM, cell wall constituents and energy was higher on 2 AHPMS, whereas no effect on the digestibility of these nutrients was observed. The apparent nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.05) both in 1 and 2 AHPMS groups. Water intake by animals was significantly increased due to AHP treated mustard straw feeding. Rumen liquor pH was higher in 2 AHPMS fed animals. The $NH_3-N$ of rumen liquor was not affected by feeding of AHP treated MS based diets. Total VFA concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in UMS fed group. The fractional out flow rate of DM was higher (p<0.05) in animals fed on 2 AHPMS diets compared to UMS and lAHPMS fed groups. The population of large holotrichs was higher (p<0.05) on AHP treated MS fed diets compared to UMS. The study indicated that treatment of mustard straw with AHP changed its chemical composition towards a better feed. The nutritive value of 2% AHP treated mustard straw was better in terms of dry matter intake and apparent nitrogen retention. The higher in sacco DM, OM and NDF disappearance however, was not confirmed by in vivo data in this study.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2003

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of the Lycii Fructus water extracts (LFE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism underlying these protective effects in the rats. The pretreatment of LFE has shown to possess a significant protective effect by lowering the serum alanine and aspartate aminoteansferase (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This hepatoprotective action was confirmed by histological observation, In addition, the pretreatment of LFE prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and catalase activity in the liver of CC1₄-injected rats. The LFE also displayed hydroxide radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 83.6 μg/ml), as assayed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique. Moreover, the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), was significantly decreased in the liver of LFE-pretreated rats when compared with that in the liver of control group. Based on these results, it was suggested that the hepatoprotective effects of the LFE may be related to antioxidant effects and regulation of CYP2E1 gene expression.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2009

Rheological behavior of natural hydrogel produced from seeds of three Salvia spp. (S. miltiorrhiza (SM), S. sclarea (SS), S. viridis (SV)) was investigated by using a Rheometer equipped with a cone and plate geometry measuring system under never-dried condition. Different chemical contents of such hydrogels give significant effects on their rheological properties. Because of incomplete penetration of water inside the hydrogels after drying before-dried hydrogels were used for rheological analysis. To know molecular interactions which predominated in the gel formation, some constituents were externally added to the 1.0% (w/w) hydrogel. Addition of urea to disrupt hydrogen bonds reduced 3.4-67% viscosity of the untreated hydrogels and changed viscoelastic properties from gel to liquid-like behavior. Neutral salts added to the hydrogel solution at 0.1 M also lowered the viscosity in a manner related with increase in size of cations and temperature. Changing from gel state to liquid-like state was also easily confirmed by oscillation measurement (storage, G', and loss, G", modulii) typically observed in the cases of potassium sulfate and potassium thiocyanate. Influence of pH variation on the viscosity explained that weak alkaline condition (pH 8-9) creates a higher resistance to flow due to increasingly electrostatic repulsions between negative charges ($COO^-$) Importance of calcium bridges was also demonstrated by recovery of viscosity of the hydrogels by addition of calcium after acidification. The summarized results indicate that electrostatic repulsion is a major contributor for production of hydrogel structure.