• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1430-1433
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• 2004

A study was conducted to determine the effect of different alkali treatments on changes in chemical composition and on degradability of bagasse and rice straw. This study divided into 2 experiments, the first with bagasse and the second with rice straw. Each experiment comprised 9 treatments which included: untreated control; 3% NaOH; 6% NaOH; 3% urea; 6% urea; 3% NaOH/3% urea; 3% NaOH/6% urea; 6% NaOH/3% urea; 6% NaOH/6% urea. In both experiments, crude protein contents were increased from 2.0 to 12.5 units for bagasse and 3.1 to 13.7 units for rice straw by urea treatments. Ash contents of the treated bagasse and rice straw were increased over the untreated control (1.5-9.7 units for bagasse; 4.2-8.8 units for rice straw). The effects on ether extract, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of the treated bagasse and rice straw were variable. Nylon bag degradability of dry matter and crude fiber were increased by treatments applying NaOH and NaOH plus urea but not urea alone. In contrast, the egradability of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were reduced compared with the untreated control. From these degradability studies, it can be concluded that the most efficient treatments of bagasse were those treatments with 6% NaOH, followed by treatments with 6% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea and 3% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea, respectively. However, when comparison was made on the cost of chemical used to treat the agricultural by-products, particularly in case of rice straw, 3-6% urea would be appropriate.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Ocular alkali burns cause severe damage to the ocular tissues and vision loss. Solcoseryl is a standardized calf blood extract that normalizes the metabolic disturbance and aids in maintaining the chemical and hormonal balance and has been used to treat burns in various tissues. This study examined the effects of Solcoseryl on a rat corneal alkali burn model. Materials and Methods Twenty rats were assigned randomly to four equal groups, including alkali burn, hyaluronic acid, Solcoseryl eyedrop, and Solcoseryl gel. A corneal alkali burn was induced by a NaOH-soaked paper disc. The treatments were given twice a day, every day. The wound area was measured after 24 and 48 hours, and the degree of neovascularization and corneal opacity were scored every week. The rats were sacrificed after three weeks for immunohistochemistry (IHC) to compare the level of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The thickness of the retinal layers was compared to observe any changes in the retina. Results The use of Solcoseryl on corneal alkali burn accelerated wound healing with less neovascularization, greater opacity, and less cataract. IHC showed that the inflammation of the cornea was controlled by both the hyaluronic acid and Solcoseryl treatments. On the other hand, the inflammation had spread to the retina. When the dosage forms were compared, eyedrops were more effective on corneal inflammation, while the gel-type had a greater effect on retinal inflammation. Conclusion Solcoseryl was effective in accelerating the wound healing rate on a corneal alkali burn but could not prevent the spread of inflammation from the cornea to the retina. Eyedrops were more effective on inflammation in the cornea, and the gel was more effective in the retina.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2009

The ratio of saccharification and formation of furans during the acid hydrolysis of agar with oxalic acid and sulfuric acid were examined base on the contents of the agar and acids. The ratio of saccharification in oxalic acid appeared to be 51~59% somewhat higher than 49~61% of sulfuric acid. Formation of the furans during the acid hydrolysis increased proportional to the contents of agar and acid. The relative formation ratio was high 10~47% for furfural (FUR) and 15~29% for hydroxy-methyl furfural (HMF) in 0.5~1.25% sulfuric acid rather than those of oxalic acid. When comparing the removal efficiency of the furans using an alkali treatment, steam stripping and hydrophobic resins, FUR was eliminated 60% by the alkali treatment, 62~90% by steam stripping and 71~75% by Amberlite XAD4 and 7HP, while HMF was removed to low levels of 10.5%, 4~17% and 13~25%, respectively. The loss of reducing sugar was also observed in process of the removal of furans, and the loss rate was the level of 2~4% in alkali treatment, 11~16% in steam stripping and 7~9% in Amberlite resins.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.416-420
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• 2002

Various products of karanj (Pongamia glabra) are utilized for industrial, health and animal agriculture applications in the Indian subcontinent. Despite a rich source of protein (CP, 28-34%), karanj cake was found to be slightly bitter in taste and toxic owing to the presence of flavonoid (Karanjin), restricting its safe inclusion in the livestock diets. Feeding trials with raw cake revealed its poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock including poultry. The present study was, therefore, aimed to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods like solvent extraction, water washing, pressure cooking and alkali and acid treatments. The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The raw expeller karanj cake was found to contain about 0.19% of karanjin. Though a non-polar solvent, soxhlet extraction of expeller pressed cake with petroleum ether drastically reduced karanjin content (0.01%). Soaking of cake for 24 h in 1% NaOH (w/w) solution was found to reduce karanjin to a major extent with little further benefit by increasing alkali level. Milder alkalies like lime and fertilizer grade urea reduced the karanjin levels marginally. Similar was the case with mineral acids such as HCl and glacial acetic acid. It was, therefore, concluded that solvent extraction of karanj seeds would be the best method of detoxification as well as for more recovery of oil and karanjin.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.146-149
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• 1983

사골(四骨) 용출액중(溶出液中) 영양성분 특히 칼슘, 인, 질소성분의 용출량을 증가시키기 위한 기초연구로써 우선 산과 알카리 처리효과를 검토하였다. 산 처리로는 acetic acid를 0~0.8%까지, 알카리 처리로는 sodium bicarbonate를 0~0.05%까지 수준별로 처리하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 산 처리의 경우 칼슘은 acetic acid 농도가 증가될수록 용출량도 유의적으로 증가되었으며 특히 acetic acid 농도가 0.1% 이상일 때 유의적 증가를 보였으며 인은 0.3% 일 때 용출량이 급격히 증가되었다. Ca/P 비(比)는 acetic acid 농도가 0.01%까지는 1~2를 나타냈지만 그 이상의 모든 처리에서는 2 이상을 나타냈다. ${\alpha}$-amino N과 총 질소는 모두 acetic acid농도가 0.5% 이상일 때 유의적 증가를 보였다. 알카리 처리의 경우는 칼슘, 인, 총 질소는 모든 처리에서 유의적 증가를 나타내지 않았지만 ${\alpha}$-amino N은 sodium bicarbonate 농도가 0.05% 일 때 무처리(無處理)에 비해 유의적 증가를 보였다. (P<0.05) 이상의 결과에서 산 처리에 의해 영양성분의 용출은 현저히 증가되었으나 알카리 처리에 의해서는 크게 증가되지 못했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 1993

First crop of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested, wilted and ensiled with or without NaOH or $NH_3$, and fed to three rumen fistulated goats in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Each alkali treatment (2.44% of alfalfa dry matter) was made by spraying its solution prior to ensiling. Silage pH, $NH_3-N$ and butyric acid concentration were increased with each alkali addition, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest chemical quality. Compared with untreated silage, digestibilities of organic matter, ADF and cellulose were depressed by both alkali treatments, and the reductions in NaOH-treated silage were significant. Crude protein digestibility was also significantly decreased in NaOH-treated silage, but the goats receiving the silage excreted less nitrogen in urine than those on the other two silages. Nitrogen retention of goats was not different among the treatments. Ruminal solubility and potential degradability of dry matter and nitrogen determined with the in situ bag technique were reduced, and rate of degradation of the two components were increased by the NaOH treatment. Addition of $NH_3$ provided ruminal soluble nitrogen to the silage, but the rate of degradation was similar to that of untreated silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would denature the protein and reduce the susceptibility to microbial degradation in the rumen, while no positive effect of alkali treatment on fiber digestion and nitrogen utilization was observed in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.358-373
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 산 및 알칼리 처리가 목질계 바이오매스의 주요 화학조성 변화에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 $H_2SO_4$와 NaOH를 각각 1.0 wt%와 2.0 wt% 수용액으로 제조한 후 국내 주요 수종인 백합나무와 낙엽송에 상온에서 72시간 침지 처리하였다. 리그닌, 주요 구성당, 원소분석 등 화학적 특성 분석을 수행하고 그 결과를 통계프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 동일한 화학적 처리에도 수종에 따라 95% 유의수준에서 유의한 결과를 확인하였다. 백합나무는 산 처리에 민감한 변화를 보이는 반면에 낙엽송에서는 알칼리 처리에서 유의한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 두 수종 모두에서 glucose보다는 헤미셀룰로오스에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 분석되었으며, 바이오매스의 에너지량과 밀접한 관계가 있는 H/C와 O/C 비율을 이용한 Van Krevelen 다이어그램에서는 산 또는 알칼리 처리 종류에 관계없이 수종에 따라 상반된 결과를 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 바이오매스 종류에 따라 각기 다른 최적화된 바이오에너지 생산 공정이 필요함을 의미하며, 목재펠릿과 같은 고형 바이오연료 생산의 경우 바이오매스 내 헤미셀룰로오스 및 리그닌 함량 변화로 인하여 내구성에 영향을 미칠 것으로 분석되었다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2012

In this study, purified cellulose was prepared from rice husk which is one of the major agricultural residues in Korea. The various bleaching processes such as ozone bleaching, $ClO_2$ bleaching and $H_2O_2$ bleaching were applied to remove residual lignin and impurities. In order to increase the contents of ${\alpha}$-cellulose contents, the effects of acid and alkali treatments were evaluated. Although the multi stages of the bleaching processes resulted in less than 0.5 % residual lignin contents, the application of ozone leaded to the decrease in DP(degree in Polymerization) and ${\alpha}$-cellulose contents. The alkali treatment after bleaching processes resulted in pure cellulose which showed more than 98% of ${\alpha}$-cellulose contents.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.316-322
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soaking pH and extraction temperature on the physicochemical properties of chicken skin gelatin. In order to extract gelatin from chicken skin, the chicken skin was soaked at various pH ranges (1-13) and was extracted at 75 and $100^{\circ}C$. For the rate of weight increase, the highest value was obtained from two pH ranges (1-2 and 12-13). In addition, the rate of weight increase was affected by soaking time. The alkali treatments had greater crude protein content as well as total extraction yield compared to the acid process (p<0.05), and the increased extraction temperature resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase of crude protein content and total extraction yield. All treatments showed ${\alpha}1$ and ${\alpha}2$ chains derived from type I collagen on SDS-PAGE. The pH value and color of gelatin gel (6.67%) were affected by soaking pH and extraction temperature. Chicken skin gelatin gel extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ after soaking at a pH of 2 had the highest melting point (p<0.05) and gel strength among all treatments. Although the chicken skin treated with the alkali process had a higher yield, a lower extraction temperature following the acid process would be better for obtaining superior gelatin from chicken skin.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 1983

당근 주우스 개발(開發)을 위(爲)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 당근의 blanching 조건(條件), 산천리(酸處理), alkali 처리(處理) 및 살균처리(殺菌處理)가 당근 주우스의 품질(品質)에 미치는 영향을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 당근을 $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C$의 열탕(熱湯) 중(中)에서 15~5분간(分間) blanching하였을 때 $100^{\circ}C$에서 5분간(分間) 처리(處理)한 것이 당근 주우스의 당도(糖度), amino-N, suspended solid, 광투과도(光透過度) 및 수율면(收率面)에서 가장 우수(優秀)하였다. 2. 당근을 0.05N의 구연산, 초산용액(醋酸溶液) 및 0.03N의 염산(鹽酸) 용액(溶液) 중(中)에서 blanching하였을 때 초산용액처리(醋酸溶液處理)가 주우스의 suspended solid, 광투과도(光透過度), 점도(粘度) 및 수율면(收率面)에서 유리(有利)하였다. 3. 당근 주우스의 제조공정(製造工程) 중(中)에 있어서의 변색(變色)은 blanching 조건(條件)에 의(依)해서 좌우(左右)되었으며 살균공정(殺菌工程) 중(中)에는 거의 변색(變色)되지 않았다. 4. 당근 주우스 제조공정(製造工程) 중(中)에 있어서의 ${\beta}$-carotene의 변화(變化)는 심(甚)하지 않았으며 당근을 파쇄(破碎)하여 $115^{\circ}C$에서 30분간(分間) 살균(殺菌)하였을 때에도 80%내외(內外)의 ${\beta}$-carotene이 잔존(殘存)하였다. 5. 희초산용액(稀醋酸溶液) 중(中)에서 blanching한 후(後) 착즙(搾汁)한 당근 주우스에 alkali를 첨가(添加)하여 중화(中和)한 후(後) 살균(殺菌)하였을 때에는 화학성분(化學成分)의 변화(變化)는 거의 인정(認定)되지 않았으나 변색(變色)이 뚜렸하였고 광투과도(光透過度)가 증대(增大)되어 품질(品質)을 저하(低下)시키는 원인(原因)이 되었다. 6. 무처리(無處理) 당근 주우스 중(中)의 당류(糖類)의 조성(組成)은 ribose 8.51%, fructose 10.15%. glucose 12.25%, sucrose 49.53% 및 oligosaccharide 19.56%로 구성(構成)되어 있었으며 비등수 중(中)에서 blanching하였을 때에는 이당류(二糖類) 이하(以下)의 당(糖)의 함량비(含量比)가 약간(若干) 감소(減少)되었으나 oligosaccharide는 약간(若干) 증가(增加)하였고 산액중(酸液中)에서 blanching하거나 이를 더욱 중화(中和), 살균(殺菌)하였을 때는 ribose와 sucrose의 함량비(含量比)가 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)하였으며 fructose와 glucose도 약간(若干) 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 7. 당근 주우스 중(中)에서 19가지의 유리(遊離) amino산(酸)이 동정(同定)되었고 주요 amino산(酸)은 threonine + aspargine, alanine, serine + glutamine, aspartic-acid, arginine 및 glutamic acid 등(等)이었다.