• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2007

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)는 protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase(Protox IX)의 작용기작에 의해 tetrapyrrole 의존형 광활성 제초제 또는 살충제로서 제안되어 왔다. 본 연구는 생분해성 생물농약 물질로서 ALA에 대한 식물과 해충의 생육반응을 검토하기 위해 수행되었다. 수도적 조건에서 ALA는 벼와 피 두 초종에 대해 독성을 보였으며 벼보다는 피의 초장과 지상부 생체중을 더 억제하였다. 밭 조건에서 두과작물 콩과 화본과 잡초 바랭이에 5 mM ALA를 처리한 결과 바랭이가 더 민감한 생육반응을 보였다. ALA 10 mM(10배액)로 파밤나방에 대한 살충효과는 살포법으로 처리한 결과 단제 및 합성 살충제 lufenuron과의 조합처리에서 다소 높게 나타났다. leaf disk법으로 응애에 대한 살비효과를 검정한 결과 10 mM ALA 처리 후 72시간에 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 ALA는 비록 그 활성이 기존의 합성농약보다 낮을지라도 농업유해생물에 대해 잠재적인 제초 및 살충활성을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제40권6호
• /
• pp.561-566
• /
• 1997

광합성세균을 이용하여 생물제초제의 하나인 ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid(ALA)를 생산할 목적으로 자연계로부터 ALA 생산능력이 우수한 균주를 분리하고 ALA의 최적생산에 미치는 일부 배양특성을 검토하였다. 선정균주 KK-10을 동정한 결과 홍색비유황세균에 속하는 Rhodobacter capsulatus로 판명되었다. 본 균주의 ALA 생산성을 높이기 위하여 ALA 탈수효소의 저해제인 levulinic acid(LA)를 15 mM 농도로 배양중기에서 배양액에 첨가함으로써 ALA의 생산량은 약 20배(28 mg/l) 증가되었다. ALA의 전구물질인 glycine과 succinate를 각각 30 mM 복합첨가할 때 약 50배(73 mg/l)생산량을 나타내었고 전구물질의 첨가에 의해 ALA 합성효소의 생합성량은 2배 증가하였다. 분리균주는 전구물질 함유 배지에 15 mM LA를 대수기 중기부터 4회 연속첨가함으로써 85 mg/l 균체외 ALA를 생산하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.336-339
• /
• 1995

Ephedra distachya cultures have been known to accumulate two major $\rho-coumaroylamino$ acids (p-coumaroylgicine and $\rho-coumaroylamino$ -D-alanine) by D-Ala treament. When D-Ala was added together with serial concentrations of yeast-derived elicitor, the accumulation of $\rho-coumaroylamino$ -D-Ala $(\rho-CDA)$ was geatly increased in an additive manner. In feeding experiments, $[1-^14C]$-D-Ala was incorporated into $\rho-CDA$at a rate of 2.2% or 2.3% of added radioactivity, indicating that exogenous D-Ala served as a precursor of the conjugate. $[1-^14C]$-L-Ala wasalso incorporated into p-CDA (0.23%) in the elicitor treated cultures. This fact suggested that at least a part of $(\rho-CDA)$ was produced from active conversion of L-Ala by the elecitation. In order to investigate a possible role of D-Ala as an elicitor of $\rpo-coumaroylamino$ acids $(\rpo-CAA)$, cold D-Ala was added together with labeled L-Ala. Although L-Ala seemed to be incorporated into $\rho-CDA$ by this treatment, the incorporation ratio was too small (0.054%) to draw a clear conclusion. However, the amount of $\rpo-coumaroylglycine$, which did not use D-Ala as a substrate, was also sightly increased by D-Ala treatment irrespective of the presence of elicitor, suggesting that exogenous D-Ala might act as an elicitor of$\rpo-CAA$ as well as a precusor substrate of $\rho-CDA$.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 1994

연폭로자에 있어서 연에 의한 생물학적 영향을 평가하는데는 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량이 아주 좋은 지표로 이용된다. 현재 이것은 Ehrlich's reagent와 ALA-pyrrole의 증색반응으로 측정하는 비색법이 주로 사용된다. 그러나 이 방법은 aminoacetone 같은 ALA 유사물질에 의하여 요중 배설량이 과다하게 측정된다. 한편 최근 개발된 fluorometric HPLC에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량의 분석은 아주 예민하고도 특이적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 혈중연과 다른 연폭로 지표를 측정하여 연폭로 수준이 다른 117명의 피검자에서 비색법과 HPLC 법에 의한 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 측정하여 두 방법 간의 관련성을 조사하기 위하여 시도하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 비색법에 의한 요중의 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량은 HPLC 법에 비하여 전체적으로 2.15배, 혈중연 $20{\mu}g/dl$ 이하에서 2.47배, $21-40{\mu}g/dl$에서 2.53배, $41{\mu}g/dl$ 이상에서는 1.86배 높은 것으로 측정되었다. 2. 비색법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량과 혈중연 및 혈중 ZPP 농도와의 상관은 0.571, 0.629였으며, HPLC 법은 0.610, 0.637로 통계적 유의성이 있었다(p<0.01). 3. 비색법과 HPLC 법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량 간의 상관은 0.848 이었으며, 요비중으로 보정하였을 때는 0.852였으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.01). 4. HPLC 법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 종속변수로 하고 비색버버을 독립변수로 하였을 때 희기방정식은 (ALA-UHP)=-0.245+0.536 (ALA-UCO)(p<0.0001)였으며, 요비중 1.024로 보정하였을 때의 희기방정식은 (SP ALA-UHP)=-0.525+0.599 (SP ALA-UCO)(p<0.0001)였다. 상기와 같은 결과에서 현행 산업안전보건법 시행규칙에서 연중독 진단을 행하는 경우 HPLC로 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 측정한다면 연중독 진단 기준의 개정이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.268-275
• /
• 2006

ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid) has been proposed as a tetrapyrrole-dependent photodynamic herbicide by the action of the protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (Protox IX). A study was conducted to determine photodynamic herbicidal effect of ALA on seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi) under dry and wet conditions. ALA effect on early plant growth of rice and barnyardgrass was greatly concentration dependant, suggesting that it promotes plant growth at very low concentration and inhibits at high concentration. No significant difference in herbicidal activity of biologically and synthetically produced ALAs on plant lengths of test plants was observed ALA exhibited significant photodynamic activity regardless of PSDIP and its duration. Significant shoot growth inhibition by ALA soaking treatment exhibited apparently, indicating that ALA absorbed through root system was translocated into shoot part of plants. ALA reduced plant heights of rice and barnyardgrass seedlings by 6% and 27%, respectively, showing more tolerant to ALA in rice under wet condition. Leaf thickness was reduced markedly by ALA with increasing of ALA concentration, due to mainly membrane destruction and severe loss of turgidity in mesophyll cells, although the epidermal was little affected. It was observed that photodynamic herbicidal activity of ALA applied by pre-and post-emergence application exhibited differently on plant species, and that the activity of ALA against susceptible plants was highly correlated with growing condition.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.21-24
• /
• 2003

Objectives: In this report, we confirmed the distributed pattern of ALA and ALA-methylester in normal and tumor-bearing region. Materials and Methods: ALA and ALA-methylester were administered to nude mouse by intratumoral, subcutaneous and intravenous injection. After injection, the fluorescence in normal and tumor region was measured by LESA (laser electronic spectrum analyzer). Results: The tumor-specificity of ALA and ALA-methylester was shown in the case of intratumoral injection. In all case, the fluorescence caused by ALA and ALA-methylester was maximally increased in 2 hours after injection. Then while the fluorescence level was rapidly decreased to control level in normal region, it was still remained in tumor region. Conclusion: According to this result, The intratumoral injection was more efficient administration method for PDT/PDD than subcutaneous and intravenous injection.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.427-432
• /
• 1994

광합성세균인 Rhodocyclus gelatinosus KUP-74의 휴지균체에 의한 균체외 ${\delta}-aminolevulinate$(ALA) 생산 효율성에 관하여 검토하였다. 균체외 ALA의 최대 생산치를 위하여 1 ml ALA 생산계는 1.05 mg의 휴지균체로 6시간의 배양을 필요로 하였다. 또한, 이 조건에서 ALA 생산의 유도물질인 levulinate나 L-glutamate 등은 균체외 ALA 생산에 있어서 비교적 낮은 효과를 나타내었다. 반면에, ALA 생산계의 부피와 이에 적합한 균체밀도가 효과적인 ALA 생산을 위하여 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 휴지균체의 안정한 ALA 생산유지를 위한 수명은 휴지균체를 고정화 시키므로써 크게 연장되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.1355-1360
• /
• 2008

Effects of dietary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) supplementation on serum iron status, blood characteristics, egg production and quality were examined in laying hens in an 8-week feeding trail. Two hundred and forty (Hy-line brown, 40-week-old) layers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with ten replications (six layers in adjacent three cages). Dietary treatments included: 1) CON (basal diet), 2) ALA1 (CON+ALA 5 ppm), 3) ALA2 (CON+ALA 10 ppm) and 4) ALA3 (CON+ALA 15 ppm). All nutrient levels of diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1994) recommendations for laying hens. During the entire experimental period, differences of serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were significantly increased in ALA1 supplemented treatment (quadratic effect, p<0.05). The difference of total protein between 8 and 0 weeks was significantly higher in ALA2 treatment than CON treatment (quadratic effect, p<0.05). No significant effects were observed on hemoglobin, WBC, RBC, lymphocyte and albumin concentrations. Egg production and egg weight were not influenced by the ALA supplementation. Egg yolk index was also significantly higher in ALA3 treatment than CON treatment at the end of 4 and 8 weeks (linear effect, p<0.05). Haugh unit was increased in ALA3 treatment compared to CON and ALA1 treatments at the end of 8 weeks (linear effect, p<0.05). However, egg shell thickness, breaking strength and yolk color unit were not affected by the ALA supplementation. In conclusion, dietary ALA supplementation at a level of 5 ppm can affect iron concentration in serum while higher levels (10 or 15 ppm) have some beneficial influences on blood profiles and egg quality.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제33권10호
• /
• pp.1606-1610
• /
• 2004

본 실험은 자돈식이내 $\delta$-아미노레불린산의 첨가가 이유자돈의 성장능력 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 사양시험은 3원 교잡종 자돈 75두(평균체중 7.21$\pm$0.02 kg)를 공시하였다. 시 험 설계는 1) NC(negative control; 무항생제 기초식이), 2) PC(positive control; NC diet+0.1% Apramycin+0.1% Oxytetracycline),3) ALA0.1 (NC diet+0.1% $\delta$-아미노레불린산), 4) ALA0.2(NC diet+0.2% $\delta$-아미노레불린산),5) ALA + AB (PC diet+0.2% $\delta$-아미노레불린산)의 5개 처리를 하였다. 총 사양시험기간동안, 일당증체 량은 ALA+AB 처리구가 NC 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었으나(p<0.05), PC, ALA0.1 그리고 ALA0.2처리구와는 통계적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 일당식 이섭취량과 식이효율에 있어서는 처리구간의 유의적 차이가 없었다. 시험 개시 후 20일령 에 측정한 영양소 소화율에 있어서는 건물과 질소 소화율에 있어서 ALA+AB처리구가 NC 처리구 및 ALA0.1 처리구와 비교하여 높게 평가되었다(p<0.05). 또한, 혈청내 total protein의 농도에 있어서는 ALA+AB처리구가 NC 처리구 및 PC 처리구와 비교하여 높게 평가되었다(p<0.05). 혈청내 iron의 농도는 $\delta$-아미노레불린산을 첨가한 처리구가 NC 및 PC 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(p<0.05). 혈청내 TIBC에 있어서는 ALA+AB 처리구가 NC, PC 그리고 ALA0.1 처리구와 비교하여 통계적으로 높게 평가되었다(p<0.05). 혈액내 Hb 및 HCT의 농도는 ALA0.2 처리구와 ALA+AB 처리구가 NC 처리구와 PC 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(p<0.05). 혈액내 RBC와 WBC의 농도는 ALA0.2 처리구와 ALA +AB 처리구가 NC 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(P<0.05). 혈액내 lymphocyte는 $\delta$-아미노레불린산 처리구가 NC 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0,05). 결론적으로, 자돈식 이내 $\delta$-아미노레불린산의 첨가는 자돈의 성장 및 소화율을 향상시키며, 혈액 내 total protein, iron, hemoglobin, lymphocyte의 수준을 증가시켰다. 또한, $\delta$-아미노레불린산과 항생제의 혼합급여는 자돈의 성장 능력에 있어 상승효과를 갖는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the positive or negative effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) on the growth of several crops and weeds, by applying a seed soaking treatment, foliar treatment, and application timing, while comparing biological activity between ALA produced by chemical synthesis (Synthetic-ALA) and extracellularly-accumulated ALA by overexpressing the hemeA gene isolated from Bradyrhizobium japonicum(Bio-ALA). Seed soaking treatment of ALA in barley (five cultivars) and wheat (five cultivars) had not shown positive effects at lower concentrations, 0.05 to 0.5 mM as well as negative effects at higher concentrations, 1 to 30 mM. In rice, there also was no positive effect by seed soaking treatment of ALA at lower concentrations, although the rice became damaged by an application of 5 and 10 mM ALA. Growth in barley cultivars, Ganghossalbori, Naehanssalbori, Songhakbori, Saessalbori, and Daehossalbori were increased up to 14%, 19-51 %, 17-64%, 18-23%, and 22-38% by ALA foliar application at lower concentrations, 0.05 to 0.5 mM, respectively. On the other hand, the growth in barley cultivars was inhibited by ALA foliar application at higher concentrations. Barley responded more positively to ALA foliar application than wheat and rice. The growth stimulation caused by ALA seed soaking treatment was less than by ALA foliar treatment. ALA treatment at the 1.5-leaf stage increased growth of barley by 19-58%, while pretreatment to seeds, post-emergence treatment at 3 days after seeding, 3-leaf stages, and 5-leaf stages had not shown positive effects. Thus, the positive effects of ALA on barley were dependent greatly upon the timing of application and its concentration. Monocots weeds were more sensitive to ALA foliar treatment than dicotyledonous weeds. A monocot weed, Setaria viridis L. was the most susceptible plant to ALA while a dicotyledonous weed, Plantago asiatica L. was the most tolerant. No significant difference in biological activity between bio-ALA and synthetic ALA on barley, wheat, rice, and weed, Ixeris dentate tested was observed. Thus, ALA produced by microorganisms would be a potent substance to be used effectively in agricultural production.