Jung Hyun Yoo;Young Sam Lee;So Jung Na;Jong Hoon Kim
Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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v.20
no.1
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pp.128-137
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2024
Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate, through experimental methods, the efficiency of passenger movement and evacuation in the event of an emergency situation on an aircraft. Method: The experiment was conducted a total of 4 times, including 3 scenarios. The three situations were evacuation without luggage, evacuation with carry-on baggage, and evacuation with carry-on baggage and carrier. In the experiment, time was measured based on recorded video. Result: The total evacuation time was found to be approximately 1.5 times higher for the evacuation with luggage, and approximately 3.5 times higher for the evacuation with luggage and 3 carriers compared to the evacuation result in a situation where nothing was carried. As a result of applying the evacuation simulation, it was found that there was a difference from the experimental results. In particular, consideration of complex situations such as carrying out and moving carriers is considered to be a situation that requires more technical research. Conclusion: Quantitive data was obtained to determine how carry-on luggage and carrier affect evacuation.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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v.17
no.3
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pp.135-145
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2022
Due to COVID 19, we are facing unprecedented phenomena. Among various industries, the aviation industry, as it is directly affected by the corona crisis is actively establishing various survival strategies, such as expanding cargo transportation. The market size of air cargo transportation is continuously increasing due to the characteristics that distinguish it from other transportation, and as individualism and selfishness deepen in the aftermath of COVID 19, it can be inferred that the concept of reciprocity within distribution channels will become important in the post-corona era. The specific contents of this study(research question) are as follows. First, as a central member of the air logistics distribution channel, logistics service companies business process and the sub-dimensions of trust of are identified, and how trust is built with transportation companies is investigated. Second, the effect of such trust on the various performances of logistics service companies is analyzed. Third, we examine whether the influences of the sub-dimensions of trust change according to the perceived reciprocity of logistics service companies. In addition, we investigate whether the perceived reciprocity changed before and after the corona situation. In particular, this study theoretically integrates the concepts of trust and commitment, which have been distinguished in many prior studies, to improve the parsimony and practicality of the research model. This study will be able to present useful academic and practical implications by empirically examining how trust is built between members of the air logistics distribution channel and furthermore, how much it affects the performance of logistics service companies, and by identifying the moderating effect of reciprocity.
Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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v.25
no.8
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pp.159-172
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2020
Social networking services (SNS) are developing significantly with the Internet and smartphones. It's a friendly social media, but if you think deeply about it, you'll find that it has a variety of faces. It is a communication tool between users, a medium for delivering information, an infrastructure for providing applications, and a community where people with common interests gather. In recent years, business tools, shopping and payment methods are also being swallowed. The influence of the spread of SNS on the real world is also expanding, and the work being dealt with from a sociological perspective is also increasing. Also, if you pay attention to the technical aspects of SNS, it is composed of various technical elements, such as infrastructure that handles large-scale access, user interface that supports comfortable use, and big data analysis to understand people's behavior more deeply. However, I usually use it as usual. However, if you look through SNS, you can see that the situation is surprisingly profound and multifaceted. This study began by looking at the history and current status of SNS and attempted to find its status through comparison with other media. From the point of view of relationship with society, it can be a risk and legal issue when using SNS, such as crimes using bad social media or social media. It is also necessary to comment on the activities on SNS or the guidelines established by the operators. Therefore, various legal issues on SNS will be discussed. Also, as an example of using SNS, I will introduce an example of using SNS in disaster response. From a more technical point of view, you will receive commentary on SNS's network-based technology and SNS's information use, and these articles will help you understand and use SNS safely and help you further utilize or develop SNS.
The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of In-Flight Security Officer responsible for the security of the aircraft in the situation where Acts of Unlawful Interference in Aircraft shows an increasing tendency and the aircraft security is threatened by the terror threat of IS(Daesh) and to suggests its policy implications. Based on the problems of In-Flight Security Officer system found in the media reports and laws, the US Air Marshal system and the domestic similar system were presented to the In-Flight Security Officer developmental implications. First, it is necessary to revise the "Operational Guidelines for Airline Operators' In-Flight security officer" and the related qualifications to the "National Technical Qualifications" system. Second, the plan to change the national civil servants of In-Flight Security Officer in the aircraft, Third, it is a plan to use the registered security guard system in the aircraft. Although this study has limitations the accessibility of information related to aviation security. But, contributions of this study is that the government's efforts to create the public sector jobs, the "strengthening of public services in the country", "the establishment of national accountability for safety accident prevention and disaster safety management" in the "A five-year plan for Government Operation" that it has a timeliness in that it is together. In addition, since there are not many researches related to In-Flight Security Officer, this study also has another contribution as a basic study of the researchers in the aviation security aircraft in the future.
Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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v.14
no.6
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pp.29-42
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2020
This study, we will identify and analyze the current status and trends of successful field trips and field experience learning in Korea to improve the future operation of the center so that the purpose of enhancing the regional economic ripple effect in Gyeongsangbuk-do and regaining its reputation as a school trip mecca and No. 1 location can be found. This study conducted qualitative research through FGI (Focus Group Interview) on accommodation managers, tourism-related stakeholders, tourism officials stakeholders, and tourism professors in order to explore new concepts of field trips and field experience learning in 23 cities and counties in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and ways to develop and promote tour programs based on the importance of experience. Through the FGI (Focus Group Interview) analysis results, problems related to improvement of accommodation, food and beverage, safety and service, cooperation among local tourism officials, enhancement of satisfaction with student group visitors linked to unique tourism resources and promotion, diagnosis and introduction of acceptance posture, and management of local residents, local tourism officials and public officials in Gyeongsangbuk-do needed to present the direction and opportunity of tourism policies in Gyeongsangbuk-do.
Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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v.13
no.6
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pp.1-14
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2019
This study explored ways to activate tourism promotion centers located in 23 regions of Gyeongsangbuk-do and carried out qualitative research through FGI(Focus Group Interview) to the heads of tourism promotion agencies, public officials, and professors. The FGI(Focus Group Interview) analysis results discussed the problems of tourism promotion and information center facilities recognized by stakeholders in Gyeongsangbuk-do and service improvement cooperation. At a time when the importance of the tourism industry is being emphasized, it is time to expand and improve the facilities of the tourism promotion center as a tourism information facility for Koreans and foreigners. Gyeongsangbuk-do Province has a natural environment and unique tourism resources that can become a tourist attraction in South Korea. In particular, four topics were drawn: providing satisfaction with visitors linked to regional economic revitalization cooperation and tourism guidance, and measures to boost revenue generation at public relations centers and information centers in Gyeongsangbuk-do.
Air passengers may be compensated for damages based on the above agreement when the passenger suffers an accident to the extent that they are recognized as an accident under Article 17 of the Montreal Convention in 1999. If a flight or cabin crew and passengers both undergo an accident, passengers are subjected to compensation under the Montreal Convention however flight cabin crews will be compensated by the Labor Law, which is the governing law in the labor contract with the airline. The flight or cabin crew boarding the aircraft work is on a work contract, not a passenger transport contract. Therefore, if the flight or cabin crew on the aircraft is injured due to an accident, and the air carrier is liable for default due to a labor contract, the Labor Law, workers or survivors claim damages due to illegal acts against the employer. In which case, civil law will apply. In this regard, if a Chinese cabin crew working for a Chinese airline dies due to an accident in the Republic of Korea, whether the family of the deceased claims damages against the Chinese airline or not has international court jurisdiction in the Republic of Korea, which is the place of tort. We examined whether it is the law of the Republic of Korea or whether it's the Chinese law, the law applicable to the work contract, is applied. Also, Seoul District Court 1995.5.18. The sentence 94A 14144 was found that if the injured crew during the flight work was not satisfied with the insurance compensation under the Labor Standards Act and the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, he could claime to damage under the civil law against an air carrier or third parties responsible for the accident. This law case shows that you can claim a civil damage as a cause. In case of death due to an existing illness while on the way to work, the Korea Workers'Compensation and Welfare Service did not recognize the death of the deceased as an occupational accident, and the trial was canceled by the parents of the deceased for the survivor's benefit and funeral expenses. (Seoul Administrative Court 2017.8. 31. Although the sentence was judged as an occupational disaster in 2016, the 2016 8816 Decision), it was defeated in the appeals court (Seoul High Court 2018.7.19.Sentence 2017 No. 74186) and I criticized the judgment of the appeal by analyzing the deceased's disease and related the cause of it to workload. Sometimes, a flight or cabin crew is on board not for the flight duty such as transferring to another flight or returning to the home base or lay-over place after their scheduled flight, this is called "Deadheading". If the crew who is not considered the same as a passenger, but is not on duty, is injured in an accident, does the crew claim compensation for damages under the labor contract or whether the Montreal Convention is applied to the passenger. In conjunction with the discussion, there was a similar case, In re Mexico City Aircrash of October 31, 1979, 708 F.2d 400 (9th Cir. 1983), Demanes v. United Airlines, 348 F.Supp. 13 (C.D.Cal. 1972), Sulewski v. Federal Express Corp., 749 F.Supp. 506 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) and reviewed by the European Court of Justice (CJEU) at Wucher Helicopter GmbH and Euro-Aviation Versicherungs AG v. After examining several acts in several countries it's undeniably crucial to clearly understand the definition of "passenger" as stated in the Fridolin Santer case.
1. Introduction Today Internet is recognized as an important way for the transaction of products and services. According to the data surveyed by the National Statistical Office, the on-line transaction in 2007 for a year, 15.7656 trillion, shows a 17.1%(2.3060 trillion won) increase over last year, of these, the amount of B2C has been increased 12.0%(10.2258 trillion won). Like this, because the entry barrier of on-line market of Korea is low, many retailers could easily enter into the market. So the bigger its scale is, but on the other hand, the tougher its competition is. Particularly due to the Internet and innovation of IT, the existing market has been changed into the perfect competitive market(Srinivasan, Rolph & Kishore, 2002). In the early years of on-line business, they think that the main reason for success is a moderate price, they are awakened to its importance of on-line service quality with tough competition. If it's not sure whether customers can be provided with what they want, they can use the Web sites, perhaps they can trust their products that had been already bought or not, they have a doubt its viability(Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Malhotra, 2005). Customers can directly reserve and issue their air tickets irrespective of place and time at the Web sites of travel agencies or airlines, but its empirical studies about these Web sites for reserving and issuing air tickets are insufficient. Therefore this study goes on for following specific objects. First object is to measure service quality and service recovery of Web sites for reserving and issuing air tickets. Second is to look into whether above on-line service quality and on-line service recovery have an impact on overall service quality. Third is to seek for the relation with overall service quality and customer satisfaction, then this customer satisfaction and loyalty intention. 2. Theoretical Background 2.1 On-line Service Quality Barnes & Vidgen(2000; 2001a; 2001b; 2002) had invented the tool to measure Web sites' quality four times(called WebQual). The WebQual 1.0, Step one invented a measuring item for information quality based on QFD, and this had been verified by students of UK business school. The Web Qual 2.0, Step two invented for interaction quality, and had been judged by customers of on-line bookshop. The WebQual 3.0, Step three invented by consolidating the WebQual 1.0 for information quality and the WebQual2.0 for interactionquality. It includes 3-quality-dimension, information quality, interaction quality, site design, and had been assessed and confirmed by auction sites(e-bay, Amazon, QXL). Furtheron, through the former empirical studies, the authors changed sites quality into usability by judging that usability is a concept how customers interact with or perceive Web sites and It is used widely for accessing Web sites. By this process, WebQual 4.0 was invented, and is consist of 3-quality-dimension; information quality, interaction quality, usability, 22 items. However, because WebQual 4.0 is focusing on technical part, it's usable at the Website's design part, on the other hand, it's not usable at the Web site's pleasant experience part. Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Malhorta(2002; 2005) had invented the measure for measuring on-line service quality in 2002 and 2005. The study in 2002 divided on-line service quality into 5 dimensions. But these were not well-organized, so there needed to be studied again totally. So Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Malhorta(2005) re-worked out the study about on-line service quality measure base on 2002's study and invented E-S-QUAL. After they invented preliminary measure for on-line service quality, they made up a question for customers who had purchased at amazon.com and walmart.com and reassessed this measure. And they perfected an invention of E-S-QUAL consists of 4 dimensions, 22 items of efficiency, system availability, fulfillment, privacy. Efficiency measures assess to sites and usability and others, system availability measures accurate technical function of sites and others, fulfillment measures promptness of delivering products and sufficient goods and others and privacy measures the degree of protection of data about their customers and so on. 2.2 Service Recovery Service industries tend to minimize the losses by coping with service failure promptly. This responses of service providers to service failure mean service recovery(Kelly & Davis, 1994). Bitner(1990) went on his study from customers' view about service providers' behavior for customers to recognize their satisfaction/dissatisfaction at service point. According to them, to manage service failure successfully, exact recognition of service problem, an apology, sufficient description about service failure and some tangible compensation are important. Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Malhorta(2005) approached the service recovery from how to measure, rather than how to manage, and moved to on-line market not to off-line, then invented E-RecS-QUAL which is a measuring tool about on-line service recovery. 2.3 Customer Satisfaction The definition of customer satisfaction can be divided into two points of view. First, they approached customer satisfaction from outcome of comsumer. Howard & Sheth(1969) defined satisfaction as 'a cognitive condition feeling being rewarded properly or improperly for their sacrifice.' and Westbrook & Reilly(1983) also defined customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction as 'a psychological reaction to the behavior pattern of shopping and purchasing, the display condition of retail store, outcome of purchased goods and service as well as whole market.' Second, they approached customer satisfaction from process. Engel & Blackwell(1982) defined satisfaction as 'an assessment of a consistency in chosen alternative proposal and their belief they had with them.' Tse & Wilton(1988) defined customer satisfaction as 'a customers' reaction to discordance between advance expectation and ex post facto outcome.' That is, this point of view that customer satisfaction is process is the important factor that comparing and assessing process what they expect and outcome of consumer. Unlike outcome-oriented approach, process-oriented approach has many advantages. As process-oriented approach deals with customers' whole expenditure experience, it checks up main process by measuring one by one each factor which is essential role at each step. And this approach enables us to check perceptual/psychological process formed customer satisfaction. Because of these advantages, now many studies are adopting this process-oriented approach(Yi, 1995). 2.4 Loyalty Intention Loyalty has been studied by dividing into behavioral approaches, attitudinal approaches and complex approaches(Dekimpe et al., 1997). In the early years of study, they defined loyalty focusing on behavioral concept, behavioral approaches regard customer loyalty as "a tendency to purchase periodically within a certain period of time at specific retail store." But the loyalty of behavioral approaches focuses on only outcome of customer behavior, so there are someone to point the limits that customers' decision-making situation or process were neglected(Enis & Paul, 1970; Raj, 1982; Lee, 2002). So the attitudinal approaches were suggested. The attitudinal approaches consider loyalty contains all the cognitive, emotional, voluntary factors(Oliver, 1997), define the customer loyalty as "friendly behaviors for specific retail stores." However these attitudinal approaches can explain that how the customer loyalty form and change, but cannot say positively whether it is moved to real purchasing in the future or not. This is a kind of shortcoming(Oh, 1995). 3. Research Design 3.1 Research Model Based on the objects of this study, the research model derived is
. 3.2 Hypotheses 3.2.1 The Hypothesis of On-line Service Quality and Overall Service Quality The relation between on-line service quality and overall service quality I-1. Efficiency of on-line service quality may have a significant effect on overall service quality. I-2. System availability of on-line service quality may have a significant effect on overall service quality. I-3. Fulfillment of on-line service quality may have a significant effect on overall service quality. I-4. Privacy of on-line service quality may have a significant effect on overall service quality. 3.2.2 The Hypothesis of On-line Service Recovery and Overall Service Quality The relation between on-line service recovery and overall service quality II-1. Responsiveness of on-line service recovery may have a significant effect on overall service quality. II-2. Compensation of on-line service recovery may have a significant effect on overall service quality. II-3. Contact of on-line service recovery may have a significant effect on overall service quality. 3.2.3 The Hypothesis of Overall Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction The relation between overall service quality and customer satisfaction III-1. Overall service quality may have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. 3.2.4 The Hypothesis of Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Intention The relation between customer satisfaction and loyalty intention IV-1. Customer satisfaction may have a significant effect on loyalty intention. 3.2.5 The Hypothesis of a Mediation Variable Wolfinbarger & Gilly(2003) and Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Malhotra(2005) had made clear that each dimension of service quality has a significant effect on overall service quality. Add to this, the authors analyzed empirically that each dimension of on-line service quality has a positive effect on customer satisfaction. With that viewpoint, this study would examine if overall service quality mediates between on-line service quality and each dimension of customer satisfaction, keeping on looking into the relation between on-line service quality and overall service quality, overall service quality and customer satisfaction. And as this study understands that each dimension of on-line service recovery also has an effect on overall service quality, this would examine if overall service quality also mediates between on-line service recovery and each dimension of customer satisfaction. Therefore these hypotheses followed are set up to examine if overall service quality plays its role as the mediation variable. The relation between on-line service quality and customer satisfaction V-1. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of efficiency of on-line service quality on customer satisfaction. V-2. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of system availability of on-line service quality on customer satisfaction. V-3. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of fulfillment of on-line service quality on customer satisfaction. V-4. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of privacy of on-line service quality on customer satisfaction. The relation between on-line service recovery and customer satisfaction VI-1. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of responsiveness of on-line service recovery on customer satisfaction. VI-2. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of compensation of on-line service recovery on customer satisfaction. VI-3. Overall service quality may mediate the effects of contact of on-line service recovery on customer satisfaction. 4. Empirical Analysis 4.1 Research design and the characters of data This empirical study aimed at customers who ever purchased air ticket at the Web sites for reservation and issue. Total 430 questionnaires were distributed, and 400 were collected. After surveying with the final questionnaire, the frequency test was performed about variables of sex, age which is demographic factors for analyzing general characters of sample data. Sex of data is consist of 146 of male(42.7%) and 196 of female(57.3%), so portion of female is a little higher. Age is composed of 11 of 10s(3.2%), 199 of 20s(58.2%), 105 of 30s(30.7%), 22 of 40s(6.4%), 5 of 50s(1.5%). The reason that portions of 20s and 30s are higher can be supposed that they use the Internet frequently and purchase air ticket directly. 4.2 Assessment of measuring scales This study used the internal consistency analysis to measure reliability, and then used the Cronbach'$\alpha$ to assess this. As a result of reliability test, Cronbach'$\alpha$ value of every component shows more than 0.6, it is found that reliance of the measured variables are ensured. After reliability test, the explorative factor analysis was performed. the factor sampling was performed by the Principal Component Analysis(PCA), the factor rotation was performed by the Varimax which is good for verifying mutual independence between factors. By the result of the initial factor analysis, items blocking construct validity were removed, and the result of the final factor analysis performed for verifying construct validity is followed above. 4.3 Hypothesis Testing 4.3.1 Hypothesis Testing by the Regression Analysis(SPSS) 4.3.2 Analysis of Mediation Effect To verify mediation effect of overall service quality of and , this study used the phased analysis method proposed by Baron & Kenny(1986) generally used. As
shows, Step 1 and Step 2 are significant, and mediation variable has a significant effect on dependent variables and so does independent variables at Step 3, too. And there needs to prove the partial mediation effect, independent variable's estimate ability at Step 3(Standardized coefficient $\beta$eta : efficiency=.164, system availability=.074, fulfillment=.108, privacy=.107) is smaller than its estimate ability at Step 2(Standardized coefficient $\beta$eta : efficiency=.409, system availability=.227, fulfillment=.386, privacy=.237), so it was proved that overall service quality played a role as the partial mediation between on-line service quality and satisfaction. As
shows, Step 1 and Step 2 are significant, and mediation variable has a significant effect on dependent variables and so does independent variables at Step 3, too. And there needs to prove the partial mediation effect, independent variable's estimate ability at Step 3(Standardized coefficient $\beta$eta : responsiveness=.164, compensation=.117, contact=.113) is smaller than its estimate ability at Step 2(Standardized coefficient $\beta$eta : responsiveness=.409, compensation=.386, contact=.237), so it was proved that overall service quality played a role as the partial mediation between on-line service recovery and satisfaction. Verified results on the basis of empirical analysis are followed. First, as the result of , it shows that all were chosen, so on-line service quality has a positive effect on overall service quality. Especially fulfillment of overall service quality has the most effect, and then efficiency, system availability, privacy in order. Second, as the result of , it shows that all were chosen, so on-line service recovery has a positive effect on overall service quality. Especially responsiveness of overall service quality has the most effect, and then contact, compensation in order. Third, as the result of and , it shows that and all were chosen, so overall service quality has a positive effect on customer satisfaction, customer satisfaction has a positive effect on loyalty intention. Fourth, as the result of and , it shows that and all were chosen, so overall service quality plays a role as the partial mediation between on-line service quality and customer satisfaction, on-line service recovery and customer satisfaction. 5. Conclusion This study measured and analyzed service quality and service recovery of the Web sites that customers made a reservation and issued their air tickets, and by improving customer satisfaction through the result, this study put its final goal to grope how to keep loyalty customers. On the basis of the result of empirical analysis, suggestion points of this study are followed. First, this study regarded E-S-QUAL that measures on-line service quality and E-RecS-QUAL that measures on-line service recovery as variables, so it overcame the limit of existing studies that used modified SERVQUAL to measure service quality of the Web sites. Second, it shows that fulfillment and efficiency of on-line service quality have the most significant effect on overall service quality. Therefore the Web sites of reserving and issuing air tickets should try harder to elevate efficiency and fulfillment. Third, privacy of on-line service quality has the least significant effect on overall service quality, but this may be caused by un-assurance of customers whether the Web sites protect safely their confidential information or not. So they need to notify customers of this fact clearly. Fourth, there are many cases that customers don't recognize the importance of on-line service recovery, but if they would think that On-line service recovery has an effect on customer satisfaction and loyalty intention, as its importance is very significant they should prepare for that. Fifth, because overall service quality has a positive effect on customer satisfaction and loyalty intention, they should try harder to elevate service quality and service recovery of the Web sites of reserving and issuing air tickets to maximize customer satisfaction and to secure loyalty customers. Sixth, it is found that overall service quality plays a role as the partial mediation, but now there are rarely existing studies about this, so there need to be more studies about this.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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v.9
no.4
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pp.163-173
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2014
Since the 1990s, the brand has established itself as an important factor to consumers. Consumers is affected by not only the product's physical properties and functions but also the sensitivity associated with the consumption or the product itself. Thus, Many studies has been very active because of the increased interest to the brand that is recognized as one of the intangible assets that create value for the company. The purpose of this paper is to provide the result of methodical analysis about the relationship among leading variables that affect on brand loyalty. Concretely, by methodically defining the relationship among perceived brand quality, customer satisfaction and brand trust, that is leading variable which affect on brand loyalty, focused on frequently used oil companies, this paper would suggest scientific and practical implications through draw a conclusion that this relationship contributes on brand loyalty. The results of empirical test are as follows. Customer perceived brand quality based on fuel quality, positively influence on customer satisfaction and brand trust. Then, customer satisfaction and brand trust positively influence on brand loyalty. According to the results of this study in the oil market, customer cannot distinguish fuel product quality itself among oil companies. Therefore it is strongly suggested that oil companies build and maintain brand loyalty on the basis of perceived brand quality, customer satisfaction and brand trust.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among image making education, self-esteem and education satisfaction using airline service department in the university. In this study, 2 hypotheses based on literature reviews were employed. Questionnaire was also developed based on previous studies. A convenience sample of 240 students was surveyed and 218 usable questionnaires were analyzed. According to the exploratory factor analysis, image making education was divided into 'external image education', 'basic character education' and 'manner education'. Self-esteem, on the other hand, was categorized into the following variables: 'sense of value' and 'esteem' accordingly. Then the data and hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) by AMOS. The results are as follows. Firstly, 'external image' and 'manner education' have positive effect on 'sense of value' while manner education has effect on 'esteem'. Secondly, 'sense of value' and 'esteem' factor have positive effects on education satisfaction. Hence continuous and systematic education should be conducted to administer 'image making curriculum'. Self-esteem should also be taught in schools to encourage student's satisfaction on education. The contribution and limitations of this research were discussed and the future possible researches were mentioned.
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