• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.53-64
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• 2002

$CO_2$ 20세기 초 천연 냉매 $CO_2$는 광범위하게 사용되었지만 프레온계 냉매의 출현으로 1940년경부터 $CO_2$냉매는 사용이 제한되었다. 그러나 반 세기 동안 사라졌던 $CO_2$냉매는 1980년 후반에 노르웨이 과학 기술대학 (NTNU)과 북구 최대 민간연구소 (SINTEF)의 Lorentzen 교수에 의해 $CO_2$천연 냉매 사용을 재고하게 되었다. 프레온계 냉매의 환경적 논쟁이 쟁점이 되면서 천연 냉매 사용을 재고하게 되었다. 특히 비가연성과 비유독성으로 인한 $CO_2$냉매가 주목을 받고 있다. 초월임계 사이클레서의 고압 제어에 대한 새로운 개념은 Lorentzen 교수와 동료 연구원에 의해서 특허로 제안되었다. 이에 대한 상업적 권리를 Norsk Hydro사는 1990년에 얻었고,1990년대 초반에 NTNU/SINTEF의 공동 연구개발 프로그램을 통해 기술 경쟁력과 실현 가능성이 검증되었다. 현재 연구소에서는 최초로 초월임계 $CO_2$사이클을 이용한 상업용 온수 열펌프 시스템, 2003년 시작할 연료전지 전기 자동차에 대한 연구를 수행하고 있다. NTNU/SINTEF에서 개발된 $CO_2$기술은 Hydro-SINTEF 공동 벤처 기업인 Shecco기술회사를 통해 제조업자에게 허가된다. 본 고에서는 NTNU/SINTEF에서 수행하였거나 수 중인 과제들을 중심으로 유럽의 $CO_2$시스템의 결과와 주요 개발 범위를 정리하였으며, 특히 작동유체로서의 $CO_2$냉매의 특징을 간단히 설명하고, 온 수 열 펌프, 자동차용 공조기 및 열 펌프, 상업 냉동기 등이 기술되었다. 그 외 압축기 위주의 요소기술 개발에 관한 내용도 기술되었고, 차세대 기술 경향과 전망에 대해서도 제시되었다. 제시되었다.성균 350$\times$$10^4$ CFU균, 방선균 434$\times$$10^4$ CFU균, 진균 676$\times$$10^4$ CFU균으로 진균의 개체수가 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 비산불지역에서는 호기성균 328$\times$$10^4$ CFU균, 방선균 319$\times$$10^4$ CFU균, 진균 461$\times$$10^4$ CFU균으로 진균의 개체수가 높게 나타났다. 토양미생물은 호기성균, 방선균, 진균 모두 비산불지역 보다 산불지역에서 많이 나타났다. 본 조사지역에서 호기성균은 활엽수림보다 침엽수림에서 많게 나타났으며, 방선균과 진균은 침엽수림보다 활엽수림에서 많이 나타났다.효과와 이를 이용한 자기냉동의 방법 그리고 최근에 이루어진 새로운 진전에 대해 소개하고 공기조화 및 냉동분야에의 적용 가능성을 전망해 보고자 한다.및 도입 등 선주들에게 다양한 선박건조자금을 제공하여 내수기반 확충에도 노력해야 할 것 이다.있었다., 인삼이 성장될 때 부분적인 영양상태의 불충분이나 기후 등에 따른 영향을 받을 수 있기 때문에 앞으로 이에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 판단된다.태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다. 즉, [+wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 동일한 구성요 소를 지닌 병렬적 합성어([$[W1]_{XO-}$ $[W1]_{XO}$ ]$_{XO}$)로 그리고 [-wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 중복된 발은을 지닌 한 단어로 ([W]$_{XO}$ )

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 2014

Environmental qualification (EQ) for safety-related equipment is required to ensure that those equipment will perform their required function even under the harsh environment conditions arising from design basis accident in the nuclear power plant. As a part of EQ program, the room temperature analysis in case of a loss of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning(HVAC) system was carried out to ensure the operability of the safety-related equipment of a nuclear power plant randomly chosen among the Korean nuclear power plants. In this paper, this analysis was performed in the conservative perspective using GOTHIC code. The room temperature analysis includes selecting the rooms in which the safety related equipment are located but not supported by safety related HVAC and determining the temperature of the selected rooms. Target rooms for the analysis consist of W229/W237 (Aux. feedwater pump room), W232 (Aux. feedwater tank room) and W230 (Equipment passageway). The results showed the temperature range from $43^{\circ}C$ to $83^{\circ}C$, in 72 hours after a loss of HVAC. Those values are far below of generic EQ temperature($171^{\circ}C$). Therefore, it is satisfied with EQ requirement of temperature limits on safety related equipment.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

This study is to analyze the performance of SWH(Solar Water Heating) and GSHP(Ground Source Heat Pump) systems by evaluating their energy efficiency and LCC(Life Cycle Cost) as being applied to the OO hall as a selected building in the Army. The OO hall, used as bathrooms, dining rooms, accommodations and offices, has reinforced concrete structure system with three floors above the ground and one underground, and its total floor area is approximately 2,917$m^2$. Two energy simulations are conducted to predict the yearly cooling and heating energy of the selected building: One is for analysis of an air-conditioning energy consumption using the e-Quest program, and another is for two new-renewable energy facilities as a water heating source using the RETScreen. The installed capacity of two new-renewable energy facilities is determined according to the 5% level of total standard construction cost. As a briefly result, SWH system is more energy-effective than GSHP system. Considering the break-even point, it is expected that SWH can take only 3 years 11 months to pay for itself in savings while the investment of GSHP can be recovered in more than 16 years 6 months.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.128-135
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• 2018

Currently, vertical closed ground heat exchangers are the most widely utilized geothermal heat pump systems and the major influencing parameters on the performance of ground heat exchangers are the ground thermal conductivity(k) and borehole thermal resistance($R_b$). In this study, the borehole thermal resistance was calculated from the in-situ thermal response test data and the individual effects of design parameters (flow rate, number of pipe, grout composition) on the borehole thermal resistance were analyzed. The grout thermal resistance was also compared with the correlations in the literatures. The borehole thermal resistance of the investigated ground heat exchanger results in 0.1303 W/m.K and the grout thermal resistance (66.6% of borehole thermal resistance) is the most influencing parameter on borehole heat transfer compared to the other design parameters (pipe thermal resistance, 31.5% and convective thermal resistance, 1.9%). In addition, increasing the thermal conductivity of grout by adding silica sand to Bentonite is more effective than the other design improvements, such as an increase in circulating flowrate or number of tubes on enhancing borehole heat transfer.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2007

Ventricular Assist Device(VAD) has switched its goal from a short-tenn use for bridge-to-transplantation to a long-tenn use for destination therapy, With this goal, the importance of long-tenn reliability gets more interests and importances, H-VAD is an portable extracorporeal biventricular assist device, and adopts an electro-pneumatic driving mechanism. The pneumatic pressure to pump out blood is generated with compression of bellows, and is transmitted in a closed pneumatic circuit through a pneumatic line. The existing pneumatic VAD adopts a air compressor which can generate stable pressures but has defects such as a noise and a size problem. Thus, it is not suitable for being used as a portable device, These problems are covered with adopting a closed pneumatic circuit mechanism with a bellows which has a small size and small noise generation, but it has defects that improper pneumatic setting causes a failure of adequate flow generation. In this study, the pneumatic pressure regulation system is developed to cover these defects of a bellows-type pneumatic VAD. The optimal pneumatic pressure conditions according to various afterload conditions for an optimal flow rate were investigated and the afterload estimation algorithm was developed, The final pneumatic regulation system estimates a current afterload and regulate the pneumatic pressure to the optimal point at a given afterload condition. The afterload estimation algorithm showed a sufficient performance that the standard deviation of error is 8.8 mmHg, The pneumatic pressure regulation system showed a sufficient performance that the flow rate was stably governed to various afterload conditions. In a further study, if a additional sensor such as ultrasonic sensor is developed to monitor the direct movement of diaphragm in a blood pump part, the reliability would be greatly increased. Moreover, if the afterload estimation algorithm gets more accuracy, it would be also helpful to monitor the hemodynamic condition of patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.400-403
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• 2002

The fundamental experiments for measuring soft x-ray characteristics from the vacuum capillary are described. These experiments were primarily performed in order to generate line spectra such as x-ray lasers. The generator consists of a high-voltage power supply, a polarity-inversion ignitron pulse generator, a turbo-molecular pump, and a radiation tube with a capillary. A high-voltage condenser of 200 nF in the pulse generator is charged up to 20 kV by the power supply, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged to the capillary in the tube after closing the ignitron. During the discharge, weakly ionized plasma forms on the inner and outer sides of a capillary. In the present work, the pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of about 1 mPa, and a demountable capillary was developed in order to measure x-ray spectra according to changes in the capillary length. In this capillary, the anode (target) and cathode elements can be changed corresponding to the objectives. The capillary diameter is 2.0 mm, and the length is adjusted from 1 to 50 mm. When a capillary with aluminum anode and cathode electrodes was employed, both the cathode voltage and the discharge current almost displayed damped oscillations. The peak values of the voltage and current increased when the charging voltage was increased, and their maximum values were -10.8 kV and 4.7 kA, respectively. The x-ray durations observed by a 1.6 ${\mu}$m aluminum filter were less than 30 ${\mu}$s, and we detected the aluminum characteristic x-ray intensity using a 6.8 ${\mu}$m aluminum filter. In the spectrum measurement, two sets of aluminum and titanium electrodes were employed, and we observed multi-line spectra. The line photon energies seldom varied according to changes in the condenser charging voltage and to changes in the electrode element. In the case where the titanium electrode was employed, the line number decreased with corresponding decreases in the capillary length. Compared with incoherent visible light, these rays from the capillary were diffracted and diffused greatly after passing through two slits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2010

Recently abrupt climate changes have been occurred in global and regional scales and $CO_2$ reduction technologies became an important solution for global warming. As a method of the solution shallow underground thermal energy storage (UTES) has been applied as a reliable technology in most countries developing renewable energy. The geothermal energy system using thermal source of soil, rock, and ground water in aquifer or cavern located in shallow ground is designed based on the concept of thermal energy recovery and storage. UTES technology of Korea is in early stage and consistent researches are demanded to develop environmental friendly, economical and efficient UTES systems. Aquifers in Korea are suitable for various type of ground water source heat pump system. However due to poor understanding and regulations on various UTES high efficient geothermal systems have not been developed. Therefore simple closed U-tube type geothermal heat pump systems account for more than 90% of the total geothermal system installation in Korea. To prevent becoming wide-spread of inefficient systems, UTES systems considering to the hydrogeothemal properties of the ground should be developed and installed. Also international collaboration is necessary, and continuous UTES researches can improve the efficiency of shallow geothermal systems.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.301-305
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• 2007

The performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell could be decreased due to coolant leaked from connection part. Micro pump was used to put small amount of coolant and investigate the effect on fuel cell. The stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen/air was 1.5/2.0, both side of gas was fully humidified, and current density of $400mA/cm^2$ was used as standard condition in this experiment. Constant current method was used to check performance recovery from coolant effect in 3 cell stack. The performance was recovered when coolant was injected in cathode side. On the other hand, the performance was not recovered when coolant was injected in anode side. Ethylene glycol could be converted to CO in oxidation process and cause poisoning effect on platinum catalyst or be adhered on GDL and cause gas diffusion block effect resulting performance decrease. Water with nitrogen gas was supplied in anode side to check performance recovery. Polarization curve, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to check performance, and gas chromatography was used to check coolant concentration. Constant current method was not enough in full recovery of performance. However, water injection method was proved good method in full recovery of performance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.52-60
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• 2017

In diffusion process exhaust line during semiconductor manufacturing process, In order to improve the transportation efficiency in the piping by removing "The reaction by-product, $ZrO_2$ and The unreacted material, TEMAZ, TMA, $O_3$, etc" and "Powder being deposited", the piping temperature was raised to $80^{\circ}C$ or more by using the heater jacket, and the bellows at the rear end of the vacuum pump ruptured. So conducted a case study and try to prevent the similar accidents from occurring through case studies. The causes of the accident were analyzed as follows: the inflow of outside air due to the generation of a gap on the suction side of the vacuum pump and heating the pipe with the heater jacket resulted in the overpressure in the pipe due to the volumetric expansion of the gas generated by decomposition of the unreacted TEMAZ, It can be assumed that the most vulnerable bellows of the piping has been ruptured. In order to prevent such accidents, This study is aimed to identify the cause of pipeline rupture accident and to establish safety measures for the prevention of similar accidents by evaluating physical hazards of TEMAZ, which is assumed to be the cause of pipe rupture accident.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.842-846
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• 2016

It's possible for a human to breathe under water, but the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is small and a large amount of water is necessary to obtain sufficient dissolved oxygen from water. So, large separation system with large water pumps, having large surface areas, and large battery sources are needed. Exhalation gases are used to solve this problem. Theses gases contain some oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide; they contain less oxygen and more carbon dioxide compared to air. Therefore, reduction of the amount of carbon dioxide is necessary. If exhalation gases are employed appropriately, the separation device can be made more compact. Inlet water mixed with exhalation gases is supplied into the separation device, and dissolved gases are separated from the mixed water as it passes through the device. The inlet part of a typical separation system with a water delivery pump before the membrane module has more than one atmosphere. Hence, a compressor is used to mix the exhalation gases. In this study, the pressure at the inlet due to the use of a suction pump after the membrane module was less than one atmosphere; hence, compressors were not required. Separation characteristics were studied using a separation device without a compressor. The use of exhalation gases led to an increase in the amount of dissolved gases being separated. As the amount of inlet exhalation gases was increased, the separation of dissolved gases was increased as well.