• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.177-178
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• 2004

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and Air Pollution (AP) emission inventories have been constructed and estimated independently up-to-date in Seoul. It causes difficulty in GHG and AP integrated management due to a difference in emission inventories. In this study, we constructed GHG and AP integrated emission inventories for direct and indirect sources in Seoul during the year 2010 in Energy activities for estimating GHG and AP emissions were derived from IPCC guideline, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories, air pollutants calculation manual, and Indirect Emission Factors (IEF) reported by Korea Power Exchange. The annual GHG emission was estimated as 50,530,566 $tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 54.8% resulted from direct sources and the remaining 45.2% from indirect sources. Among direct sources, transportation sector emitted the largest GHG, accounting for 47.3% of the total emission from direct sources. As with indirect sources, purchased electricity sector only emitted 98.6% of the total emission from indirect sources. The annual AP emission was estimated as 283,701 tonAP, of which 85.9% was contributed by the combined AP emissions of transportation and fugitive sectors. Estimation of individual air pollutant showed that the largest source were transportation sector for CO, $NO_x$, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and NH3, non-energy sector for $SO_x$, and fugitive sector for VOCs. This study found some limitations in estimating GHG and AP integrated emissions, such as nonconforming emission inventories between GHG and AP, and no indirect AP emission factor of purchased electricity, and so on. Those should be further studied and improved for more effective GHG and AP integrated management.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2015

The relationship between urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions was investigated by statistically analyzing those from 25 administrative districts of Seoul. Urban spatial structures, of which data were obtained from Seoul statistics yearbook, were classified into five categories of city development, residence, environment, traffic and economy. They were further classified into 10 components of local area, population, number of households, residential area, forest area, park area, registered vehicles, road area, number of businesses and total local taxes. GHG-AP integrated emissions were estimated based on IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2006 guidelines, guideline for government greenhouse inventories, EPA AP-42(compilation of air pollutant emission factors) and preliminary studies. The result of statistical analysis indicated that GHG-AP integrated emissions were significantly correlated with urban spatial structures. The correlation analysis results showed that registered vehicles for GHG (r=0.803, p<0.01), forest area for AP (r=0.996, p<0.01), and park area for AP (r=0.889, p<0.01) were highly significant. From the factor analysis, three groups such as city and traffic categories, economy category and environment category were identified to be the governing factors controlling GHG-AP emissions. The multiple regression analysis also represented that the most influencing factors on GHG-AP emissions were categories of traffic and environment. 25 administrative districts of Seoul were clustered into six groups, of which each has similar characteristics of urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1643-1654
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• 2014

The university is one of the main energy consumption facilities and thereby releases a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG). Accordingly, efforts for reducing energy consumption and GHG have been established in many local as well as international universities. However, it has been limited to energy consumption and GHG, and has not included air pollution (AP). Therefore, we estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions from the energy consumed by Seoul National University of Science and Technology during the years between 2010 and 2012. In addition, the effect of alternative energy use scenario was analysed. We estimated GHG using IPCC guideline and Guidelines for Local Government Greenhouse Inventories, and AP using APEMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013 and Air Pollutants Calculation Manual. The estimated annual average GHG emission was $11,420tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 27% was direct emissions from fuel combustion sectors, including stationary and mobile source, and the remaining 73% was indirect emissions from purchased electricity and purchased water supply. The estimated annual average AP emission was 7,757 kgAP, of which the total amount was from direct emissions only. The annual GHG emissions from city gas and purchased electricity usage per unit area ($m^2$) of the university buildings were estimated as $15.4kgCO_{2eq}/m^2$ and $42.4tonCO_{2eq}/m^2$ and those per person enrolled in the university were $210kgCO_{2eq}$/capita and $577kgCO_{2eq}$/capita. Alternative energy use scenarios revealed that the use of all alternative energy sources including solar energy, electric car and rain water reuse applicable to the university could reduce as much as 9.4% of the annual GHG and 34% of AP integrated emissions, saving approximately 400 million won per year, corresponding to 14% of the university energy budget.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.72-82
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• 2015

We constructed greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution (AP) integrated sink/emission inventories and evaluated the environmental value for the vegetation sector in Seoul during year 2010. The data of vegetation, classified into four sectors of cultivated land, forest land, park and street tree, were obtained from Statistics Korea and Seoul City. Based on the previous studies, only $CO_2$ was chosen as GHG sink by vegetation. $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ were chosen as AP sink by vegetation, while isoprene, monoterpene, other VOC (OVOC) and NH3 were chosen as AP emission from vegetation. Estimation methodology and sink/emission factors were gathered from reports and published literatures. Estimated GHG sink by vegetation during year 2010 was 12,987,173 $tonCO_{2eq}$, of which approximately 1/4 was from pure vegetation and the remaining 3/4 from vegetation soil. AP sink and emission were estimated to be 23,309 tonAP and 2,629,797 tonAP, respectively. The analysis by administrative districts in Seoul revealed that among 25 districts, Seocho-gu, Nowon-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, Gwanak-gu and Gangbuk-gu were the major districts in GHG and AP sink/emission inventories for vegetation sector. Environmental value of vegetation as a function of GHG and AP sink, was estimated as 800 billion won, corresponding to 5% of the total cost of the forest land in Korea evaluated as a public function.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

Biomass burning is known to be one of the main sectors emitting greenhouse gases as well as air pollutants. Unfortunately, the inventory of biomass burning sector has not been established well. We estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution (AP) integrated emissions from biomass burning sector in Seoul during year 2010. The data of GHG and AP emissions from biomass burning, classified into open burning, residential fireplace and wood stove, meat cooking, fires, and cremation, were obtained from Statistics Korea and Seoul City. Estimation methodologies and emission factors were gathered from reports and published literatures. Estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions during year 2010 were $3,867tonCO_{2eq}$, and 2,320 tonAP, respectively. Major sources of GHG were forest fires ($1,533tonCO_{2eq}$) and waste open burning ($1,466tonCO_{2eq}$), while those of AP were meat cooking (1,240 tonAP) and fire incidence (907 tonAP). Total emissions by administrative district in Seoul, representing similar patterns in both GHG and AP, indicated that Seocho-gu and Gangseo-gu were the largest emitters whereas Jung-gu was the smallest emitter, ranged in $2{\sim}165tonCO_{2eq}$ and 0.1~8.31 tonAP. GHG emissions per $km^2$ showed different results from total emissions in that Gwanak-gu, Jungnang-gu, Gangdong-gu and Seodaemun-gu were the largest emitters, while Seocho-gu and Gangseo-gu were near-averaged emission districts, ranged in $0.2{\sim}21tonCO_{2eq}/km^2$. However, AP emissions per $km^2$ revealed relatively minor differences among districts, ranged in $2.3{\sim}6.1tonAP/km^2$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.97-98
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.195-196
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• 2003

대기에서 입경에 따른 먼지의 무게농도를 측정하는 방법은 cascade impactor와 MOUDI(Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor) 등이 비교적 잘 정립되어 있는 반면, 입경에 따른 먼지 개수를 측정하는 방법에 대한 연구는 아직 미진한 상태이다(McMurry, 2000). 현재 시도되고 있는 먼지 입경별 개수 측정방법은 SMPS와 APS를 결합하여 직경 0.005~10 $\mu\textrm{m}$에 이르는 먼지의 입경에 따른 개수를 측정하는 방법이다. 그러나, 일반대기 조건에서 SMPS와 APS의 정확성이 문제시되는데, 특히0.5~10$\mu\textrm{m}$의 먼지를 대상으로 하는APS는 대기에서 포집 효율이 낮을 수 있으며 또한 저농도에 대한 정확성도 문제시될 수 있다(Shen et al, 2002; Kim et al., 2002) (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.201-202
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• 2001

대기오염물질 배출계수는 국가기관, 연구기관, 학계, 배출사업장, 방지시설업체, 환경영향평가사업 등 수많은 분야에서 실질적으로 활용하고 있는 자료로서 배출원에 대한 배출특성을 간접적으로 파악할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 기본부과금의 산정, 대기오염방지설비의 설계, 오염저감 계획의 수립 등에 매우 유용하게 활용중에 있다. 그동안 국내 배출원에 대한 배출계수는 산발적으로 수행된 예가 있으나 대표성을 나타내는 자료를 확보하지 못하여 대부분의 자료를 미국(EPA AP-42) 등 선진국의 계수를 활용하고 있다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.43-44
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• 2002

대기오염물질 배출계수는 국가기관, 연구기관, 학계, 배출사업장, 방지시설업체, 환경영향평가사업 등 수많은 분야에서 실질적으로 활용하고 있는 자료로서 배출원에 대한 배출특성을 간접적으로 파악할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 기본부과금의 산정, 대기오염방지설비의 설계, 오염저감 계획의 수립 등에 매우 유용하게 활용 중에 있다. 그동안 국내 배출원에 대한 배출계수는 산발적으로 수행된 예가 있으나 대표성을 나타내는 자료를 확보하지 못하여 대부분의 자료를 미국(EPA AP-42) 등 선진국의 계수를 활용하고 있다. (중략)