• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2004

The several assumptions and design parameters to determine the ventilation rate in tunnel ventilation system were examined. In longitudinal ventilating tunnel, the ventilation rate has been determined by the critical velocity above which the smoke propagation to the upstream of ventilating air is prevented. Based upon the examination of assumptions and experimental results, we suggested the improved method to determine the critical velocity. In transverse ventilating tunnel, we found that the ventilation rate has been determined in accordance with the custom rather than fire-smoke dynamics such as the critical velocity in the longitudinal ventilating tunnel. It is because the ventilation rate in the transverse ventilation system has been determined by considering only the ventilation of contaminant by vehicle. To improve the ventilation design parameters based upon the fire-smoke dynamics, we conducted model tunnel fire experiments. From the experimental results, smoke propagating distance and smoke filling were suggested as the design parameter to determine the ventilation rate in transverse ventilating tunnel. And tunnels in Europe designed by the custom is found to have the dangerous nature in view of fire safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.30-44
• /
• 2002

This study is conducted to analyze the change of location and soil characteristics effect on the condition of urban forest in Urban Park and Green Open Space The results of this study are as fallows; 1. Soil acidity is indicated pH 3.88 in Sasang park, pH 4.38 in Hwaji park, pH 4.40 in Daeyeon park, pH 4.68 in Sanseong amusement park, pH 5.15 in Molundae amusement park. 2. Species diversity indices of indicated Sasang park 0.9932, Hwaji park 1.1975, Daeyeon park 1.2160, Sanseong amusement park 1.3080, Molundae amusement park 1.3233 is due to location and soil environment in addition to air pollution effects. 3. The vitality of Pinus thunbergii 27.5ER in Sasang park, 24.9ER in Hwaji park, 24.5ER in Daeyeon park, 23.6ER in Sanseong amusement park, 21.0ER in Molundae park. This shows that tree vitality are impacted by location and soil characteristics. On the basis of the result above, vegetation devices are suggested : 1) Robinica pseudo-acacia management, 2) removing the hazard plants; Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, Pueraria thungergiana, 3) improving soil hardness and soil acidity.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 2020

Purpose: Though Korean healthcare services have been upgraded, infection and fire had been broken out in general hospitals. And higher concerns about quality assessment made it to clinical laboratory design guideline studies. So, this study investigates the facilities, equipment and personnel of laboratory medicine focusing on more than five hundred fifty bed hospital, and contributes to make guidelines for safety and efficiency in lab. Methods: Questionnaires to supervisor technologist and field surveys to medical laboratories in korean hospitals have been conducted for the data collection. 16 answers have been analysed statistically by MS Excel program. Results: Most of the sample tests such as hematology, clinical chemistry, immunology, transfusion, urinalysis, microbiology and molecular diagnosis are performed by more than 80% in large sized general hospital laboratory. In the test methods, automatic analyzers are used up to 80%, total laboratory automation up to 43% in clinical chemistry and immunology, and manual tests in all sorts of the test. There are placed in single lab or two and three labs above the ground, which are all in semi-open lab. There is some correlation with the number of specimens and the number of lab people depending on the number of hospital beds. Laboratory environment shows that work distance is good, but evacuation path width, visibility, separation of staff area from automatic analyzer, and equipment installations are needed to have more spaces and gears. Most of the infection controls are equipped with mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning, washbasin and wastewater separation, BSC installation and negative pressure lab room. Implications: Although the laboratory space area is calculated considering the number of hospital beds, type of tests and number of staff, hospital's expertise and the samples numbers per year should be taken into account in the planning of the hospital.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.293-304
• /
• 2022

Recently, the frequency of installation of ventilation towers is increasing due to the planning and construction of underground roads and long tunnel. In this study, implications and points for improvement were considered through investigation and analysis of the installation standards related to ventilation towers in tunnels and analysis of ventilation tower installation cases in domestic and overseas tunnel case study. As a result of this study, when selecting the location and height of the ventilation tower, it is recommended to determine the final ventilation tower type through a consultation process with residents, considering the environmental impact caused by the emission of pollutants, the harmonious arrangement with the surrounding landscape, and the efficient use of the above-ground site nearby ventilation tower. In addition, from the design stage, it is judged that a detailed review of reducing the height of the ventilation tower through air quality simulation is necessary for natural harmony with the surrounding topography and to prevent civil complaints.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.31-64
• /
• 2015

The Chicago Convention and Annexes have become the basis of aviation safety regulations for every contracting state. Generally, aviation safety regulations refer to the SARPs provided in the Annexes of the Chicago Convention. In order to properly reflect international aviation safety regulations, constant studies of the aviation fields are of paramount importance. Treaties duly concluded and promulgated under the Constitution and the generally recognized rules of international law shall have the same effect as the domestic laws of the Republic of Korea. Each contracting state to the Chicago Convention should meet ICAO SARPs about AOC and FAOC. According to ICAO SARPs, Civil Aviation Authorities shall issue AOC to air carriers of the state, but don't require to issue for foreign air carrier. However some contracting states of the Chicago Convention issue FAOC and/or Operations Specifications for the foreign operators. This FAOC is being expanded from USA to the other contracting states. Foreign operators have doubly burden to implement AOC of the ICAO SARPs because FAOC is an additional requirement other than that prescribed by the ICAO SARPs In Article 33, the Chicago Convention stipulates that each contracting state shall recognize the validity of the certificates of airworthiness and licenses issued by other contracting states as long as they are equal to or above the minimum standards of the ICAO. In ICAO Annex 6, each contracting state shall recognize as valid an air operator certificate issued by another contracting state, provided that the requirements under which the certificate was issued are at least equal to the applicable Standards specified in this Annex. States shall establish a programme with procedures for the surveillance of operations in their territory by a foreign operator and for taking appropriate action when necessary to preserve safety. Consequently, it is submitted that the unilateral action of the states issuing the FAOC to the foreign air carriers of other states is against the Convention. Hence, I make some proposals on the FAOC as an example of comprehensive problem solving after comparative study with ICAO SARPs and the contracting state's regulations. Some issues must be improved and I have made amendment proposals to meet ICAO SARPs and to strengthen aviation development. Operators should be approved by FAOC at most 190 if all states require FAOC. Hence, it is highly recommended to eliminate the FAOC or reduce the restrictions it imposes. In certain compliance-related issues, delayed process shall not be permitted to flight operations. In addition, it is necessary for the ICAO to provide more unified and standardized guidelines in order to avoid confusion or bias regarding the arbitrary expansion of the FAOC. For all the issue mentioned above, I have studied the ICAO SARPs and some state's regulation regarding FAOC, and suggested some proposals on the FAOC as an example of comprehensive problem solving. I hope that this paper is 1) to help understanding about the international issue, 2) to help the improvement of korean aviation regulations, 3) to help compliance with international standards and to contribute to the promotion of aviation safety, in addition.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.3-54
• /
• 2014

The Republic of Korea enacted the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law which was entered into force in November, 2011. The Air Transport Act in Korean Commercial Law was established to regulate domestic carriage by air and damages to the third party which occur within the territorial area caused by aircraft operations. There are some problems to be reformed in the Provisions of Korean Commercial Law for the aircraft operator's liability of compensation for damages to the third party caused by aircraft operation as follows. First, the aircraft operator's liability of compensation for damages needs to be improved because it is too low to compensate adequately to the third party damaged owing to the aircraft operation. Therefore, the standard of classifying per aircraft weight is required to be detailed from the current 4-tier into 10-tier and the total limited amount of liability is also in need of being increased to the maximum 7-hundred-million SDR. In addition, the limited amount of liability to the personal damage is necessary to be risen from the present 125,000 SDR to 625,000 SDR according to the recent rate of prices increase. This is the most desirable way to improve the current provisions given the ordinary insurance coverage per one aircraft accident and various specifications of recent aircraft in order to compensate the damaged appropriately. Second, the aircraft operator shall be liable without fault to damages caused by terrorism such as hijacking, attacking an aircraft and utilizing it as means of attack like the 9 11 disaster according to the present Air Transport Act in Korean Commercial Law. Some argue that it is too harsh to aircraft operators and irrational, but given they have also some legal duties of preventing terrorism and in respect of helping the third party damaged, it does not look too harsh or irrational. However, it should be amended into exempting aircraft operator's liability when the terrorism using of an aircraft by well-organized terrorists group happens like 9 11 disaster in view of balancing the interest between the aircraft operator and the third party damaged. Third, considering the large scale of the damage caused by the aircraft operation usually aircraft accident, it is likely that many people damaged can be faced with a financial crisis, and the provision of advance payment for air carrier's liability of compensation also needs to be applied to the case of aircraft operator's liability. Fourth, the aircraft operator now shall be liable to the damages which occur in land or water except air according to the current Air Transport Act of Korean Commercial Law. However, because the damages related to the aircraft operation in air caused by another aircraft operation are not different from those in land or water. Therefore, the term of 'on the surface' should be eliminated in the term of 'third parties on the surface' in order to make the damages by the aircraft operation in air caused by another aircraft operation compensable by Air Transport Act of Korean Commercial Law. It is desired that the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law including the clauses related to the aircraft operator's liability of compensation for damages to the third party be developed continually through the resolutions about its problems mentioned above for compensating the third party damaged appropriately and balancing the interest between the damaged and the aircraft operator.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.67-95
• /
• 2014

Some Contracting States of the Chicago Convention issue FAOC(Foreign Air Operator Certificate) and conduct various safety assessments for the safety of the foreign operators which operate to their state. These FAOC and safety audits on the foreign operators are being expanded to other parts of the world. While this trend is the strengthening measure of aviation safety resulting in the reduction of aircraft accident. FAOC also burdens the other contracting States to the Chicago Convention due to additional requirements and late permission. EASA(European Aviation Safety Agency) is a body governed by European Basic Regulation. EASA was set up in 2003 and conduct specific regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civil aviation safety and environmental protection. EASA's mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation. The task of the EASA has been expanded from airworthiness to air operations and currently includes the rulemaking and standardization of airworthiness, air crew, air operations, TCO, ATM/ANS safety oversight, aerodromes, etc. According to Implementing Rule, Commission Regulation(EU) No 452/2014, EASA has the mandate to issue safety authorizations to commercial air carriers from outside the EU as from 26 May 2014. Third country operators (TCO) flying to any of the 28 EU Member States and/or to 4 EFTA States (Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland) must apply to EASA for a so called TCO authorization. EASA will only take over the safety-related part of foreign operator assessment. Operating permits will continue to be issued by the national authorities. A 30-month transition period ensures smooth implementation without interrupting international air operations of foreign air carriers to the EU/EASA. Operators who are currently flying to Europe can continue to do so, but must submit an application for a TCO authorization before 26 November 2014. After the transition period, which lasts until 26 November 2016, a valid TCO authorization will be a mandatory prerequisite, in the absence of which an operating permit cannot be issued by a Member State. The European TCO authorization regime does not differentiate between scheduled and non-scheduled commercial air transport operations in principle. All TCO with commercial air transport need to apply for a TCO authorization. Operators with a potential need of operating to the EU at some time in the near future are advised to apply for a TCO authorization in due course, even when the date of operations is unknown. For all the issue mentioned above, I have studied the function of EASA and EU Regulation including TCO Implementing Rule newly introduced, and suggested some proposals. I hope that this paper is 1) to help preparation of TCO authorization, 2) to help understanding about the international issue, 3) to help the improvement of korean aviation regulations and government organizations, 4) to help compliance with international standards and to contribute to the promotion of aviation safety, in addition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 1979

Wilting and transpiration charactistics of Panax ginseng leaves were investigated at two temperature levels. Water potential and water absorption characteristics of leaf segments were also observed. Soybean leaves were compared. 1. Ginseng leaves were thiner, higher in water content and lower in dehydration rate. But time required to reach permanent wilting point (pwp) was less than half of that of soybean leaves because water content at pwp was about two times higher (80% of initial water for ginseng and 50% for soybean leaves). The time was shorter under high air temperature. 2. Transpiration rate was about a quater of soybean leaves and lower at $33^{\circ}C$ than $23^{\circ}C$, indicating that ginseng leaves are less tolorant to high air temperature. 3. Ginseng leaf segment showed smaller water free space but greater water deficit and little difference in was absorption rate. 4. Water potential of leaves measured by liquid immersion method was lower than that of soybean leaves. 5. Above results strongly suggest that ginseng plants are more susceptible to water stress. Thus greater light intensity during leaf growing stage (April to June) is recommendable to increase stomate frequency resulting greater transpiration rate and high temperature tolerance during July and August. Abundant water around roots seems to be beneficial as long as oxygen is not limited in rhizosphere.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.137-162
• /
• 2004

Generally the aircraft accident caused a great loss of lives, severe property damages including aircraft's total loss and thus, affect enormous emotional and economic damages to the public. We, therefore, should try every efforts to prevent the re-occurrence of aircraft accident by examining the cause of accident closely and discovering it through aircraft accident investigation. Though the object of an accident investigation is not to apportion blame but to discover a cause or causes of an accident to prevent future accidents, the cause of an accident would play a vital role in determining the liability of the carrier, legal relationship with the third party and jurisdiction, etc. in the aviation litigation. Therefore, it is very important that aircraft accident investigation are carried out by a professional and independent agency. Also, it needs for us to be careful in applying investigation results in the courts not to be deterrent to discovering the cause of accident. Korea now has the Aviation Accident Investigation Agency Board under the Korean Ministry of Construction and Transportation, but unfortunately it is often pointed out that it lacks professionalism and independency due to the bureaucratism of the Government. We, therefore, should establish a professional and independent aircraft accident investigation agency like United States' NTSB and reflect the issues mentioned-above on the new Act.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.333-338
• /
• 2022

The single jet of decane/methylcyclohexane mixed fuel that is surrogate for kerosene was injected into supercritical environment and visualized using shadowgraph technique. The injection pressure drop of the fuel jet of T_r = 0.484 was kept constant at 0.5 MPa and the experiment was conducted above the critical point of the mixed fuel, and the reduced temperatures of the chamber was changed from 1.00 to 1.23, and the reduced pressures was 1.00 and 1.38. As an index for reducing the density of jets sprayed into the supercritical environment, the brightness intensity of the post-processed jet image was observed with the internal temperature and pressure of the chamber. It was confirmed that the decrease in the brightness intensity of the jet when the temperature inside the chamber increased, and when the pressure inside the chamber was higher at the same temperature, the decrease in the brightness intensity of the jet was delayed. When the pressure inside the chamber is high, it is thought that the change in brightness intensity is delayed due to the increase in the pseudo-critical temperature of the fuel and the increase in the temperature required to reduce the density of the fuel jet.