• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2018

Pilot Aptitude Research Equipment (PARE) is a simulator developed to measure or research pilot aptitude and train for student pilots. Design of an ergonomic PARE operation console is required to operate the equipment effectively. This study carried out five steps : (S1) operator questionnaire survey, (S2) anthropometric design formula development, (S3) usability evaluation, (S4) improvement design, and (S5) validation considering both Physical User Interface (PUI) and Graphic User Interface (GUI) of PARE operation console. The operator questionnaire surveyed needs for each PUI and GUI part of the console from two PARE actual operators. In terms of PUI, the anthropometric design formula was developed by using design variables, body dimensions, target population characteristics, and reference posture related to the PARE console. In terms of GUI, the usability evaluation was conducted by three usability testing experts with a 7-point scale (1 : very low, 4 : neutral, 7 : very high) on GUI of the PARE operation console by seven usability criteria. The improved PARE operation console was designed to reflect the optimal values of design variables calculated from design formula, the results from usability testing, and the operator's needs. The improvement effect was observed by 20 people who had experience with the PARE operation console. As a result of the validation, monitor visibility and cockpit visibility for the improved PUI design and visibility and efficiency for the improved GUI design were significantly increased by more than 90% respectively. The improved design of the PARE operation console in this study can contribute to enhance operation performance of the PARE.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2023

Purpose: This study evaluated maxillary sinus volume changes in military jet aircraft pilot candidates before and after the training program, in comparison with a control group, considering the effects of pressurization, altitude, and total flight hours, through multislice computed tomography. Materials and Methods: Fifteen fighter pilots were evaluated before initiating the training program and after the final approval. The control group consisted of 41 young adults who had not flown during their military career. The volumes of each maxillary sinus were measured individually before and at the end of the training program. Results: When comparing the initial and final volumes in the pilots, a statistically significant increase was observed both in the left and right maxillary sinuses. When evaluating the average total volume of the maxillary sinuses(i.e., the average volume of the right and left maxillary sinuses together), a significant increase in the volume of the maxillary sinuses was observed in the pilot group when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The maxillary sinus volumes in aircraft pilot candidates increased after the 8-month training program. This may be explained by changes in the gravitational force, the expansion of gas, and positive pressure from oxygen masks. This unprecedented investigation among pilots might lead to other investigations considering paranasal sinus alterations in this singular population.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 대한기계학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.253-254
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• 2002

The determination of thrust is very important in hypersonic air-breathing propulsion design and evaluation. Because of the short flow-residence time in the combustor, the evaluation of engine performance is strongly influenced upon the engine thrust. Conventional methods to determine the thrust is using thrust stand or force measurement system. However, these methods cannot be applied to the case where thrust stands are impractical, such as free jet testing of engines, and model combustor. With this reason, the thrust determination method from measured pilot pressure is considered and evaluated.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.233-244
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• 1994

The phenomenon of yellow sand (dust clouds) occurred in Korea during the spring of 1993 and 1994 is studied in detail. In total 6 cases including 15 days of yellow sand were observed in 1993 and the annual number of these events was found to increased. Examinations in this study include meteorological charts satellite imagery, pilot reports (PIREP) of Korea Air Force, and air concentrations of total suspended particulates(TSP). We present on estimation of total atmospheric loadings based on the observation and theory. According to the PIREP, in general the dust clouds travelled in the lower troposphere up to the level 5km. The visibility within the clouds was in the range of 3-8km The area covered by yellow sand in an event exceeded 0.4 M $\textrm{km}^2$ . According to trajectory analyses, dust clouds invaded Korea in April and May 1993 were landed in the sink area after 2~4 days travelling for 2,000~3,000km from a source region. Estimates of total atmospheric loadings of a dust cloud for April 23~24 in 1993 were 1.5 M ton. In addition, 7 dust storms were also reported in synoptic observations in NW China and Mongolia during the spring in 1994. The yellow sand was not reported with meteorological observations in Korea, however pilots reported significant dust clouds over the Yellow Sea on 8 and 13 April and 20 May 1994.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.127-143
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• 1976

The purpose of this thesis is to study the optimal arrangement of aircraft instrument panels through the human factors approach. Human factors engineering is the process of effectively fitting the human component to the machine component in any man-machine system. The human factors. are especially important to an aircraft pilot who must constantly shift his attention between the instrument panel within the cockpit and the surrounding area of the aircraft. The preliminary part of this study is to find the general patterns of the Korean pilot's eye movements during their various flying maneuvers, and which instruments require the most attention while in flight. It is assumed that all pilots have a general pattern of eye movement when observing the aircraft instrument panel and that an optimum arrangement would be to minimize the eye travel distance between instruments. In this thesis the arrangements of instruments is taken to be the independent variable and the eye travel distance between instruments the dependent variable. la order to compile the information necessary for this study, sixty Korean Air Force pilots were interviewed and requested to complete information forms. These information forms listed various flying maneuvers and listed each instrument used on the instrument panel. The compilation of the information on these completed forms listed the instruments most frequently used by the pilots. The second part of this study was to determine the optimum instrument arrangement. It was necessary to study the various number of possible arrangements of instruments depending upon the number of instruments involved. Therefore, these instruments are grouped by two major functions, The flight instruments were subdivided into three groups, and the engineering instruments were subdivided into six groups. With this subdivision we arrive at the possible number of arrangements of 4,320. Through the simulation method, total eye travel distance for each of these 4,320 arrangements is calculated and the arrangement which appears to be of optimum distance between the most frequently used aircraft instruments is determined. The results of this study indicate that the optimum distance between instruments would be 33,028cm and that the corresponding distance of the instrument panel now being used is 34,288cm. Therefore, an increased efficiency of $3.8\%$ would be realized if the existing aircraft instrument panel were re-arranged according to layout proposed in this thesis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.202-212
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• 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Cheong-A-Won Gagambang (JCE003) treatment for degenerative knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial. There were 36 adults with degenerative knee osteoarthritis who were randomly allocated into JCE003 1,000 mg, JCE003 2,000 mg, or the placebo group (in a 1:1:1 ratio). The participants received 12 weeks of treatment and had scheduled tests every 6 weeks. The primary outcomes were measured using the Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities scale, and the secondary outcomes were measured using the visual analog scale, European quality of life-5-dimensions, patient global impression of change, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Changes between baseline scores and scores following study completion were analyzed. Results: There were 29 participants whose data were analyzed in this study. The change of Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities, visual analog scale, European quality of life-5-dimensions scores showed significant improvement in the JCE003 1,000 mg group. The change of patient global impression of change was significantly improved in the placebo group. There were 14 adverse events, but there was no clinically significant relationship with the intake of JCE003 compared with the placebo. Conclusion: Taking JCE003 may be effective at improving knee pain in patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis and appears to be safe. Based on this study, the concentration and feasibility of the test group may be used when conducting a large-scale clinical trial of degenerative knee osteoarthritis in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.163-177
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• 2004

Wenn man das fahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt in Bezug auf ein Niveau eines Risiko der objektiv vorhandenen tatbestandlichen Erfolgsm${\"{o}}$glichkeit und auf die n${\"{o}}$tige Sorgfaltspflicht, die die T${\"{a}}$ter nimmt, um das solches Risiko abzuhalten, berucksichtigt, ergibt sich der spezielle Fall selten bei der Person, mit dem hoch-gefahrlichen Berufszweig besch${\"{a}}$ftigt ist, auf den die bestehende Allgemeine-Theorie ${\"{u}}$ber das gafahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt gleichm${\"{a}}$ssig unanwendbar ist. Bez${\"{u}}$glich des Piloten des Milit${\"{a}}$rflugzeug ergibt sich oftmals ein bestmmter Fall, die die KontroIIe des Risiko gesch${\"{a}}$ftlich uber sein eigenes pers${\"{o}}$nliches Ermessen geht, und er nimmt die Pflicht, die notwendige milit${\"{a}}$rische Zielsetzung zuerst vor allem zu ber${\"{u}}$cksichtigen, wenn auch technisch, klimatisch und umstandehalber ein normales Niveau von Risiko ${\"{u}}$bersteigt wird und zugleich ein bedenkliches hoches Risiko mit sich gebracht wird. Aus diesem Anla${\beta}$ kann man folgem, da${\beta}$ der Pilot des Milit${\"{a}}$rflugzeug ein besonderer Fall ist, auf den die Kriterien in Bezug auf das Gebiet der Regel ${\"{u}}$ber das fahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt gleichm${\"{a}}$ssig unanwendbar sind. Und weil die Vermehrung der Gefahr des Flugzeug sofort an die Vermehrung der Gefahr seines eigenen Leben angeschlossen wird und daher es eine M${\"{o}}$glichkeit gibt, da${\beta}$ der Pilot dem Resultat eines Gefahr zum ersten Opfer f${\"{a}}$llt, ist die Regelung in der Punkt der Generalpr${\"{a}}$vention gegen das fahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt sinnlos. Und auch muB die militarpolitische Punkt, die Piloten des Milit${\"{a}}$rflugzeug gem${\"{a}}$${\beta}$ dem notwendigen Ausma${\beta}$ auszubilden und das Ausma${\beta}$ zu behalten, aktuell berucksichtigt werden.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전문대학교육위원 P
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• pp.1-3
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• 1999

EM (ElectroMagnetic) pump is used for the purpose of transporting liquid sodium coolant with electrical conductivity in the LMR(Liquid Metal Reactor). (In the present study, pilot EM pump has been designed by using of equivalent circuit method which is commonly employed to analyze linear induction machines for the test of removal of residual heat. The length and diameter of the pump have fixed values of 840 mm and 101.6 mm each by taking account of geometrical size of circulation loop for the installation of EM pump. Flowrate versus developing pressure is related from Laithwaite's standard design formula and the characteristic analyses of developing force and efficiency are carried out according to change of input frequency. From the characteristic curve, input frequency of 13 Hz is determined as the design frequency. On the other hand, The annular air gap size of 6.05 mm is selected not to bring about too much hydraulic loss. Resultantly design analysis makes pump have the electrical input of 604 VA and the hydrodynamical capacity of 1.3 bars and 40 l/min.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 대한전기학회 1998년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부A
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• pp.13-15
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• 1998

EM(Electro Magnetic) pump is used for the purpose of transporting liquid sodium coolant with electrical conductivity in the LMR(Liquid Metal Reactor). In the present study. pilot EM pump has been designed by using of equivalent circuit method which is commonly employed to analyze linear induction machines for the test of removal of residual heat. The length and diameter of the pump have fixed values of 840 mm and 101.6 mm each by taking account of geometrical size of circulation loop for the installation of EM pump. Flowrate versus developing pressure is related from Laithwaite's standard design formula and the characteristic analyses of developing force and efficiency are carried out according to change of input frequency. From the characteristic curve, input frequency of 13 Hz is determined as the design frequency. On the other hand, The annular air gap size of 6.05 mm is selected not to bring about too much hydraulic loss. Resultantly design analysis makes pump have the electrical input of 604 VA and the hydrodynamical capacity of 1.3 bars and 40 l/min.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.281-293
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• 2023

This study addresses the optimal design methodology for switching between active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar operating modes to easily select the necessary information to reduce pilots' cognitive load and physical workload in situations where diverse and complex information is continuously provided. This study presents a procedure for defining a hidden Markov chain model (HMM) for modeling operating mode changes based on time series data on the operating modes of the AESA radar used by pilots while performing mission scenarios with inherent uncertainty. Furthermore, based on a transition probability matrix (TPM) of the HMM, this study presents a mathematical programming model for proposing the optimal structural design of AESA radar operating modes considering the manipulation method of a hands on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS). Fighter pilots select and activate the menu key for an AESA radar operation mode by manipulating the HOTAS's rotary and toggle controllers. Therefore, this study presents an optimization problem to propose the optimal structural design of the menu keys so that the pilot can easily change the menu keys to suit the operational environment.