• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.238-242
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• 2009

The effect of earthworm and dung beetle on cattle dung pat decomposition was assessed by combining quantification of earthworm density and with or without dung beetle in pats and measurements of the decomposition rate of these pats. Cattle dung decomposition rate was higher in the pots treated with both earthworm and dung beetle than in the pots with either earthworm or beetle alone. After dung beetle and earthworm activity, the growth of oat in earthworm with dung beetle treatment was similar effect with fertilizer treatment. Dung beetle was responsible for dung decomposition until 78% moisture content in the dung, earthworm was responsible for up to 30% moisture of dung, and two group were not shown any activity for decomposition less 30% moisture content of dung. Therefore dung in the different periods could be broken down by each group. The disappearance and conveyance of dung by earthworm and dung beetle was 72% of the initial dung amount. 10.2% of 72% dung was used making brood balls by dung beetle. Earthworm activity was not an impediment on making brood balls by dung beetles. The interaction of earthworm and dung beetle may have a complementary cooperation rather than competition in the same dung pat. Indeed, development of earthworm accelerate to coexist with dung beetles instead without dung beetles. From this result, maximum benefits of the effective earthworm and dung beetle can be achieved, it is needed to preserve population of earthworm and dung beetles in pasture to sustainable agricultural environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2007

Three Holstein steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were fed grass silage-based diets supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn at levels of 0%, 50% and 100% on a DM basis in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to investigate the effect of potato pulp silage on nitrogen (N) utilization in ruminants. Organic matter (OM) intake, and rumen and total tract digestibilities did not differ among treatment diets. Rumen and post-rumen starch digestibilities were similar among treatments, although starch intake decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp supplementation. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in ruminal N utilization and non-ammonia N supply to the duodenum of steers fed grass silage supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn. There were no treatment differences (p>0.05) in rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or the molar percentages of acetate and propionate. The ammonia-N concentration in rumen fluid tended to decrease (p<0.1) when rolled corn was substituted with potato pulp silage. Ether extract intake and post-ruminal digestibility significantly (p<0.01) decreased in steers fed diets containing potato pulp silage. Concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids in serum markedly decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp silage supplementation without adversely affecting liver function. These data suggested that potato pulp silage has a similar value as rolled corn as an energy source for rumen microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2007

A $3{\times}3$ factorial design experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and duration of storage on the fermentation quality of potato pulp ensiled with two fungal inoculants under laboratory conditions. The inoculants, Rhizopus oryzae (R) and Amylomyces rouxii (A) were each added to potato pulp material to contain at least $1{\times}10^6$ CFU/g fresh matter, and silages without additives served as controls. The silages were stored under three temperature regimes; 4, 12 and $25^{\circ}C$. Three silos per treatment from every temperature regime were opened on days 7, 24 and 40 days after ensiling to investigate treatment effects on fermentation quality, starch and sugar concentrations. Increase in temperature and duration of storage had a positive significant effect (p<0.01) on the fermentation quality of potato pulp silage (PPS). The inoculants had little effect (p>0.05) on the fermentation quality of the silages. Sugar concentration in the silages decreased with increase in temperature (p<0.01) but increased (p<0.05) with progression of duration of storage. The fungal inoculants had no effect on starch degradation in PPS. The results suggest that storage temperature and duration of storage are more important in determining the rate of fermentation than addition of the fungal inoculants in PPS.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Biochar-based fertilizers delay the nutrient release and feature a slow release effect for agricultural and environmental advantages. This experiment was conducted to evaluate agro-environmental effects of different application ratios of modified biochar pellets supplemented. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments consisted of the control, 40% N, 60% N and 60% N (0.07M MgO) of modified supplemented biochar pellets (MSBP), which were based on recommended ratio of nitrogen for rice cultivation. For the paddy water, the NH₄-N and NO₃-N concentrations in whole treatments rapidly increased at 84 days and 40 days after transplanting, respectively. The PO4-P concentrations in the MSBP were generally lower than those of the control. For the paddy soil, NH₄-N concentrations in the MSBP were higher than those of the control at 5 days after transplanting, while NO₃-N concentrations were not significantly different in the treatments through rice cultivation. P₂O₅ concentrations in the control were higher than those of the MSBP until 40 days after transplanting while K₂O concentrations were not significantly different among the treatment. The highest carbon sequestration was 970 kg ha^-1 in the 60% N (0.07M MgO), and the potential carbon storage in the 60% N (0.07M MgO) was higher at 222 kg ha^-1 than the control during rice cultivation. It shown that the rice yield in the control was not significantly different from the 40% N and 60% N (0.07M MgO) application plots. CONCLUSION: Application of MSBP for rice cultivation was effective for carbon sequestration and agro-environmental effects even though nitrogen application ratio was reduced at 40% based on recommended application ratio of fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2021

Agrivoltaic systems, also called solar sharing, stated from an idea that utilizes sunlight above the light saturation point of crops for power generation using solar panels. It is expected that agrivoltaic systems can realize climate smart agriculture by reducing evapotranspiration and methane emission due to the reduction of incident solar radiation and the consequent surface cooling effect and bring additional income to farms through solar power generation. In this study, to evaluate that agrivoltaic systems are suitable for realization of climate smart agriculture, we conducted agro-environmental observations (i.e., downward/upward shortwave/longwave radiations, air temperature, relative humidity, water temperature, soil temperature, and wind speed) in a rice paddy under an agrivoltaic system and compared with the environment outside the system using automated meteorological observing systems (AMOS). During the observation period, the spatially averaged incoming solar radiation under the agrivoltaic system was about 70% of that in the open paddy field, and clear differences in the soil and water temperatures between the paddy field under the agrivoltaic system and the open paddy field were confirmed, although the air temperatures were similar. It is required in the near future to confirm whether such environmental differences lead to a reduction in water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by flux measurements.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.338-351
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: To investigate distribution and seasonal variation of concentration and flux of pesticides in Han river basin, water samples were examined at 24 sites in 2012 and 2014. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water samples were collected four times per year and subjected to liquid-liquid partition extraction followed by GC-ECD/NPD analysis. Of fifteen pesticides detected, iprobenfos, diazinon, isoprothiolane, endosulfan sulfate and oxadiazon were detected in a higher frequency, while fenoxanil, carbofuran, fenitrothion, butachlor and metolachlor were only detected in a sample. Pesticides with high occurrences, iprobenfos, diazinon, isoprothiolane, endosulfan sulfate and oxadiazon were detected in residue level of 0.01-0.46, 0.01-0.24, 0.03-0.85, 0.02-0.06 and 0.05-0.24 ㎍/L, respectively. Carbofuran and acetanilide herbicides were found at lower frequencies, but their concentrations were one order of magnitude higher than those of the others. CONCLUSION: Discharge of pesticides in downstream area were mainly contributed from rice farming and suburban horticulture, while pesticide occurrences in upstream area, such as Donggang river basin were caused by highland agriculture for cabbage and potato production. Despite the influx of pesticides from tributaries through intensive agriculture areas, pesticide concentration in the main stream water was low due to the dilution effect from the upstream. Therefore, the water quality was considered to be good at the most downstream, the effluent of Paldang dam.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.591-594
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• 2012

Effect of pulsed power was investigated on fruit body formation of 10 edible mushrooms, Lentinula edodes, Glifola frondosa, Pholiota nameko, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus abalonus, Agrocybe cylindracea and Sparassis crispa. Pulsed power of 100-170 kV was directly charged to the substrate just before fructification. The effect of the pulsed power resulted to promote for 10 edible mushrooms fructification. The treatment especially stimulated the fructification on Pleurotus species.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Soy isoflavones, structurally similar to endogenous estrogens, may affect human body through both hormonally mediated and non-hormonally related mechanisms. Heat processing could change chemical compositions. The effects of different thermal processes, boiling and HTHP(high temperature and high pressure) on the composition of isoflavone compounds and total amount of domestic soybeans were investigated in this study. METHOD AND RESULTS: Three different kinds of soybean samples were collected from RDA-Genebank. The samples were extracted using methanol, distilled water, and formic acid based solvent. Also the same solvents were used for mobile phase in UPLC/ToF/MS. All of the isoflavone compounds were analyzed based on the aglycone type of external standard for quantification. The standard calibration curve presented linearity with the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.98, analysed from 1 to 50 ppm concentration. The total isoflavone contents does not change by treatment within the same breed. While "boiling" and "HTHP" processes tend to increase the contents of aglycone and ${beta}$-glucosides, "fresh" soybeans retained the high concentration of malonylglucosides. CONCLUSION: These results have to be considered while developing an effective functional food, from the health while point of view using soybeans.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.64-73
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• 2013

The application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to analyze the environmental impact to different swine waste treatment systems was investigated. The first part of LCA is to organize an inventory of parameters and emissions released due to the system under investigation. In the following step of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment, the inventory data were analyzed and aggregated in order to finally get one index representing the total environmental burden. For the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) the Eco-indicator 95 method has been chosen because this is well documented and regularly applied impact method. Two different swine waste treatment systems such as aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems were chosen as an example for the life cycle impact analysis. For establishing the parameters to be assessed the agricultural environmental effects to above swine waste treatment systems, it has been observed that there was high at T-P emission in anaerobic digestion system and $CO_2$ emission in aerobic digestion system. For Eco-indicator values per environmental effect for swine waste treatment systems related to one tonne of swine waste, it was shown that there was a negative index for global warm potential and soil acidification in aerobic digestion system, but relatively high positive index for eutrophication in anaerobic digestion system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, are a nutritionally important group of rice secondary metabolites. The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanol content and composition were found to vary with enviromental factors such as growth temperature, varietal origin, and cultivation method. Therefore, the effect of green manure treatments will be also be an important factor in their content. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ${\gamma}$-Oryzanols extracted using dichloromethane/methanol were analyzed equipped liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A total of ten components of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol including ${\Delta}7$-stigmastenyl ferulate were isolated of which, cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulate were identified as the major components in Korean rice variety, Unkwang. The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content in rice, in the presence of nitrogen fertilization using green manure was similar to conventional nitrogen fertilization, but was higher than the control(no fertilizations). The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol ontent in rice, in the presence of hairy vetch as green manure crop was the highest compared to other crops (opium-poppy, crimson clover, cornflower). As a result of PLS-DA using SIMCA 11.0 ver. as multivariate analysis program on the basis of total data, in all samples, the specific pattern and cluster of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol scores according to green manure crops and conditions were confirmed with possible distinguishing nitrogen effects. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen contained in the green manure crops is considered to play a major role in the formation of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. Hairy vetch which contains higher nitrogen increased the concentration of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol in rice.