• Title/Summary/Keyword: Agriculture And Animal Husbandry

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Effect of Pregnancy on Lactation Milk Value in Dairy Buffaloes

  • Khan, Sarzamin;Qureshi, Muhammad Subhan;Ahmad, Nazir;Amjed, Muhammad;Durrani, Fazali Raziq;Younas, Muhammad
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.523-531
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    • 2008
  • Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.

Naturally Occurring Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Tomato Pomace Silage

  • Wu, Jing-Jing;Du, Rui-Ping;Gao, Min;Sui, Yao-Qiang;Xiu, Lei;Wang, Xiao
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.648-657
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    • 2014
  • Silage making has become a significant method of forage conservation worldwide. To determine how tomato pomace (TP) may be used effectively as animal feed, it was ensilaged for 90 days and microbiology counts, fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of tomato pomace silage (TPS) were evaluated at the 30th, 60th, and 90th days, respectively. In addition, 103 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from TPS. Based on the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence and carbohydrate fermentation tests, the isolates were identified as 17 species namely: Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens (0.97%), Lactobacillus pontis (0.97%), Lactobacillus hilgardii (0.97%), Lactobacillus pantheris (0.97%), Lactobacillus amylovorus (1.9%), Lactobacillus panis (1.9%), Lactobacillus vaginalis (1.9%), Lactobacillus rapi (1.9%), Lactobacillus buchneri (2.9%), Lactobacillus parafarraginis (2.9%), Lactobacillus helveticus (3.9%), Lactobacillus camelliae (3.9%), Lactobacillus fermentum (5.8%), Lactobacillus manihotivorans (6.8%), Lactobacillus plantarum (10.7%), Lactobacillus harbinensis (16.5%) and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei (35.0%). This study has shown that TP can be well preserved for 90 days by ensilaging and that TPS is not only rich in essential nutrients, but that physiological and biochemical properties of the isolates could provide a platform for future design of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants aimed at improving the fermentation quality of silage.

Occurrence and identification of Emeria species in broiler rearing under traditional system

  • Shamim, Asim;Hassan, Murtaz ul;Yousaf, Arfan;Iqbal, Muhammad Farooq;Zafar, Muhammad Arif;Siddique, Rao Muhammad;Abubakar, Muhammad
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.57 no.12
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    • pp.41.1-41.4
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    • 2015
  • Background: The present study was intended to determine the prevalence and identification of species involved causing coccidiosis in broilers rearing under traditional farming system in Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. For the current study, a convenient sampling technique was carried out. A total of 7814 broilers (aged 1 to 6 weeks) were submitted to the Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Livestock and Animal husbandry Department Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. Results: From the total screened, 750 were found positive for coccidiosis representing an overall prevalence of 9.59 %. Age-wise highest prevalence (10.88 %) recorded in the middle age birds (0 to 3 week old) were found more susceptible to infection than those aged above 3 weeks. Higher prevalence (12.49 %) of coccidiosis in broilers was observed in spring as compared with 6.60 % in summer season. In this study two main coccidiosis causing species, Emeria tenella and Emeria maxima were identified on the basis of their morphological feature and habitat (caeca and intestine), However, E. tenella was dominant compared to E. maxima. Conclusion: The study provides an insight to the occurrence of Emeria species which must be taken into consideration when rearing the broilers.

Current Status of EM (Effective Microorganisms) Utilization (유용미생물 (EM, Effective Microorganisms)의 활용 현황)

  • Moon, Yun-Hee;Lee, Kwang-Bae;Kim, Young-Jun;Koo, Yoon-Mo
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.365-373
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    • 2011
  • Effective Microorganisms (EM), a fermented medium developed by Professor Higa at the University of the Ryukyus, is a mixed culture containing dozens of microorganisms which are beneficial to nature including people, animals, plants and many microbial species in environment. EM is known to contain more than 80 kinds of anaerobic or aerobic microbes including photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, fungi and so on, with yeast, lactic acid bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria as the main species of EM. Antioxidant effect generated by the concert of complex coexistence and coprosperity among these microbes is considered to be the main source of EM benefits. Currently, EM is earning an increasing attention with applications in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, environment and medicine among others. At the same time, however, a quantitative interpretation of EM system based on a mixed culture model needs efforts from biochemical engineers for efficient production and further promotion of EM. In this paper, we describe the functions of major microbes in EM and current researches and applications of EM in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, environment and medicine.

Phenotypic diversity, major genes and production potential of local chickens and guinea fowl in Tamale, northern Ghana

  • Brown, Michael Mensah;Alenyorege, Benjamin;Teye, Gabriel Ayum;Roessler, Regina
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.30 no.10
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    • pp.1372-1381
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    • 2017
  • Objective: Our study provides information on phenotypes of local chickens and guinea fowl and their body measures as well as on major genes in local chickens in northern Ghana. Methods: Qualitative and morphometric traits were recorded on 788 local chickens and 394 guinea fowl in urban households in Tamale, Ghana. Results: The results showed considerable variation of color traits and numerous major genes in local chickens, while color variations and related genotypes in guinea fowl were limited. In local chickens, white was preferred for plumage, whereas dark colors were preferred for beak and shanks. More than half of the chickens carried at least one major gene, but the contributions of single gene carriers were low. All calculated allele frequencies were significantly lower than their expected Mendelian allele frequencies. We observed higher mean body weight and larger linear body measures in male as compared to female chickens. In female chickens, we detected a small effect of major genes on body weight and chest circumference. In addition, we found some association between feather type and plumage color. In guinea fowl, seven distinct plumage colors were observed, of which pearl grey pied and pearl grey were the most prevalent. Male pearl grey pied guinea fowl were inferior to pearl grey and white guinea fowl in terms of body weight, body length and chest circumference; their shank length was lower than that of pearl grey fowl. Conclusion: Considerable variation in qualitative traits of local chickens may be indicative of genetic diversity within local chicken populations, but major genes were rare. In contrast, phenotypic and genetic diversity in local guinea fowl is limited. Broader genetic diversity studies and evaluation of trait preferences of local poultry producers are required for the design of appropriate breeding programs.

Effects of Cassava Leaf Meal on the Rumen Environment of Local Yellow Cattle Fed Urea-Treated Paddy Straw

  • Khang, D.N.;Wiktorsson, H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.8
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    • pp.1102-1108
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    • 2000
  • An experiment was conducted as a Latin square design with four rumen fistulated local yellow cattle with a mean live weight of 230 kg. The treatments were: $(CLM_0)$ urea-treated rice straw ad libitum plus 1 kg cassava root meal (basal diet), $(CLM_{500})$ basal diet plus 500 g cassava leaf meal, $(CLM_{1000})$ basal diet plus 1,000 g cassava leaf meal, and $(CLM_{1500})$ basal diet plus 1,500 g cassava leaf meal. The results showed that there were differences in dry matter intake of urea-treated rice straw between treatments (p<0.05). The highest total dry matter intake was observed for treatment $CLM_{1500}$, with 2.62 kg DM/100 kg LWt/day, followed by treatments $CLM_{1000}$, $CLM_{500}$ and $CLM_0$, with 2.42, 2.00 and 1.86 kg DM/100 kg LWt/day, respectively. The ruminal ammonia concentration on treatment $CLM_{1500}$ was greater than on treatments $CLM_{1000}$, $CLM_{500}$ and $CLM_0$. There were non-significant differences in the ruminal pH among the treatments. The in sacco degradability of cassava leaf meal and cassava root meal was high, and on average 75 and 85% respectively of the DM had disappeared after 24 h of incubation. Degradation rate of urea treated rice straw was 64% after 72 h of incubation.

Shrimp By-product Feeding and Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Kept on Small Holdings in Central Vietnam

  • Nguyen, Linh Q.;Everts, Henk;Beynen, Anton C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.16 no.7
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    • pp.1025-1029
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    • 2003
  • The effect studied was that of the feeding of shrimp by-product meal, as a source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, on growth performance and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in growing pigs kept on small holdings in Central Vietnam. Shrimp by-product meal was exchanged with ruminant meal so that the diets contained either 0, 10 or 20% shrimp byproduct meal in the dry matter. The diets were fed on 6 different small-holder farms. The farmers fed a base diet according to their personal choice, but were instructed as to the use of shrimp by-product and ruminant meal. The diets were fed to the pigs from 70 to 126 days of age. There were three animals per treatment group per farm. The diets without and with 20% shrimp by-product meal on average contained 0.01 and 0.14 g docosahexaenoic acid/MJ of metabolisable energy (ME). Due to the higher contents of ash and crude fiber, the shrimp by-product meal containing diets had lower energy densities than the control diets. Eicosapentaenoic acid was not detectable in adipose tissue; the content of docosahexaenoic acid was generally increased after consumption of shrimp by-product meal. In spite of the concurrent high intakes of ash and crude fiber, the feeding of shrimp by-product meal had a general stimulatory effect on growth performance of the growing pigs. The intake of docosahexaenoic acid or its content in adipose tissue was not related with average daily gain. It is suggested that shrimp by-product meal may contain an unknown growth enhancing factor.

Effects of CSN1S2 Genotypes on Economic Traits in Chinese Dairy Goats

  • Yue, X.P.;Fang, Q.;Zhang, X.;Mao, C.C.;Lan, X.Y.;Chen, H.;Lei, Chuzhao
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.26 no.7
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    • pp.911-915
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    • 2013
  • The aim of this study was to investigate allele frequencies at the CSN1S2 locus in two Chinese dairy goat breeds and the effects of its variation on dairy goat economic traits. Seven hundred and eight goats from Xinong Saanen (XS, n = 268) and Guanzhong (GZ, N = 440) breeds were selected. The milk samples of 268 XS goats were collected during the middle of lactation, body size parameters (708 goats) and daily milk yield (202 goats) were registered. The RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) were used to detect the polymorphisms in CSN1S2. The Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium and the associations between body size, milk yield and composition and the genotypes were calculated. The results revealed that only A and F CSN1S2 alleles were found in the two Chinese dairy goat breeds. Allelic frequencies of A and F were 0.795, 0.205 and 0.739, 0.261 in Xinong Saanen and Guanzhong population respectively. Xinong Saanen breed was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while Guanzhong breed deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05). The association of polymorphism with economic traits indicated that the goats with FF genotype have higher milk fat and total solid concentration than those with AA and AF genotypes (p<0.05).

Study on Improved Diluting Fluid for Concurrent Direct Counts of Eosinophils and Total Leukocytes in Canine Blood (견의 총백혈구수 및 호산구수의 동시적계산을 위한 개량희석액에 관한 연구)

  • Lee Sung Ho;Lee Bang Whan;Lee Won Chang
    • Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1978
  • The study was conducted in an attempt to estimate the efficiency of various diluting fluids for eosinophil count to oxalated blood and EDTA blood of human and canine, and to prepare the improved diluting fluid adaptable to concurrent direct counts of eosi

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Studies on the Production of Antibody to Mouse Zona Pellucida and its Effect on the Fertilization of Mouse Eggs (생쥐卵子의 透明帶에 대한 抗體의 生産과 이 抗體가 受精에 미치는 影響)

  • Seo, Gwang-Yeong;Lee, Seung-Bae;Choe, Gyeong-Ho;Kim, Chang-Gyu;Jeong, Gil-Saeng;Kim, Jong-Bae
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.67-77
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    • 1991
  • 本 試驗은 受精初期段階에서 생쥐卵子 透明帶의 機能을 糾明하고 種特異的인 精子受容體의 存在 및 構造理解를 위한 基礎硏究로서 ICR 생쥐의 透明帶를 免疫原으로 하여 토끼에서 抗透明帶抗體를 生産하고 免疫分析法 및 生物學的 檢査法으로 生産된 抗體가 생쥐 透明帶에 特異性이 있음을 確認한 후 이 抗體가생쥐 未受精卵의 體外受精에 미치는 影響과 또 이 抗體를 생쥐에 受動免疫하였을 때 受精에 미치는 影響을 調査하였던 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 處理區로서 抗血淸을, 對照區로서 對照血淸을 卵子培養液에 各各 0.3~10%로 含有한 培養液에서 생쥐의 未受精卵을 2時間 培養한 後 觀察하였을 때 對照區 卵子들의 透明帶가 正常的인 形態를 나타내었던 反面에, 處理區의 卵子들은 모두 透明帶 表面에 뚜렷한 沈澱層을 나타내었다. 이어 對照區와 處理區의 卵子를 0.1% pronase가 含有된 培養液으로 옮긴 후 觀察하였을 때, 對照區 卵子들의 透明帶가 5~7分만에 完全히 融解한 反面에, 處理區에서는 2~3時間까지 殘存하였다. 2. 處理區와 對照區 卵子를 FITC-goat anti-rabbit IgG가 含有된 培養液에서 養液한 후 螢光顯微鏡下에서 觀察하였을 때 對照區에서 對照血淸을 10% 含有한 培養液에서 培養한 일부 卵子들의 透明帶에서 희미한 螢光이 나타났으나 血淸稀釋度가 增加함에 따라 전혀 螢光을 나타내지 않았던 反面에, 處理區에서는 抗血淸이 1 : 1,000으로 含有된 培養液에서 培養한 卵子의 透明帶에서도 강한 螢光이 나타났다. 3. 帶抗體를 抗原으로 하여 間接酵素免疫分析法을 實施하였을 때 抗血淸과 對照血淸이 PBS에 1 : 200까지 稀釋되었을 때의 O.D.價는 별다른 差異를 나타내지 않았으나 血淸의 稀釋度가 增加함에 따라 O.D.價가 有意한 差異를 나타냄으로써 透明帶에 特異性을 갖는 抗體임을 確認할 수 있었다. 4. 抗血淸과 對照血淸이 各各 0.3~10%까지 含有된 培養液으로 생쥐의 未受精卵을 豫備培養한 다음 體外受精을 實施하였을 때의 受精率은 對照區에서 77.7%~87.7%이었던 反面에, 處理區에서는 0~29.8%로서 抗透明帶抗體가 생쥐卵子의 體外受精을 完全히 또는 顯著히 抑制하였다. 그러나 抗血淸과 對照血淸이 各各 2.5~10%까지 含有된 培養液으로 透明帶를 除去한 未受精卵의 體外受精을 하였을 때의 受精率은 處理區와 對照區에서 各各 93.0~98.3% 및 93.3~94.3%로서 受精抑制現象을 나타내지 않았다. 5. 抗血淸과 正常血淸, 그리고 兩 血淸으로부터 protein A-affinity chromatography에 의해 分離한 immunoglubulin G를 各各 생쥐에 受動免疫하였을 때, 對照區로서 對照血淸을 0.1~0.3ml 또는 control IgG를 1~3ml 投與했을 때의 各各의 受精率이 80.4~90.2%, 82.2~94.4%이었던 反面에, 處理區로서 抗血淸을 0.3ml 또는 immune IgG를 3mg 投與한 생쥐에서는 完全한 受精抑制現象이 確認되었다.

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