• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 1982

The paddy fiels slope located in Kangweon province Hwyongsung gun Gonggeun myon Shinchonri was considerably steep and so it was impossible to economically consolidate the field up to date. But for the porpose of farm mechanization, the field (32. 27ha) was consolidated by the auther under the assitance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery and,;the Administration of Kangweon province. This paddy field consolidation was caused by the treatise on "Land-consolidation methods for farm mechanization in the steep-sloped paddy field", of which the auther is the same. The constrution was carried out from September, 1981 to April, 1982. During the 4esign and construction, some Peculiarities were found and discussed. That is, in design, besides the common condititions for a design, some special conditions were considered and written below; (1) The ranges of field slope in this design were 1/100-1/30. (2) Long sides of the land readjustment blocks must be arranged abreast contour line, and so they make the amount of cutting and banking decreased so as to take the maximum advantage of the configuration of the field. (3) In design, the main principles of dividing blocks were written below; i) First of all, long side of a block should be drawn straight abreast a contour line. ii) Long side of a block should arrange abreast contour line and make its length 100-150m, if not, l)reak the side in order to make a bended rectangle. iii) Length of a short side should be determinded within differences of elevation (0.6 -1. 2m) between the two adjacent blocks toward the normal to a contour line. iv) Length of a short side should be above 15m and the ratio of long and short side should be slso kept 1: (4-6). v) A new field surface leveling was determinded from the elevation which produce the least amount of cuttingand banking within the range of 0.6-1. 2m diffe rences of elevation between the two adjacent blocks. vi) In the course of dividing blocks with the same width along the line which was normal to a contour line, all blocks connot keep their shape in a retangle because of steep slope of the field and so on, and so it was also necessory to make some non-retanglar and small blocks such as a trianglar or trapezoidal shape, which was impossible to use some of farm machinery. But because this non-rectanglar and small blocks were divided, larger and many rectanglar blocks can be divided and construction cost can also be lowered. According to the conditions discussed above, the paddy field consolidation project designed and constructed. And the results of this study were obtained as below; (1) Three-forth of total cost of this paddy field consolidation was not construction cost, and these cost consist of land grading (1/4), road and canal construction cost (1/4) and the other cost (1/4) such as surveying or materials and 56 on. (2) The steeper the land slope, the greater cost was assigned for road and canal construction, and than land grading. (3) Curtailment of the road and canal construction cost depended on simplificating their strutures. (4) In the case of the land slopes were low, the land grading cost was high by 1: 1.4 in comparison with the road and canal construction cost, and conversely when the slops were steep, the road and canal construction cost was high by 1 : 5 in compa- rison with the land grading cost. (5) The densities of irrigation canal, drainage canal and trunk and branch road were 150. Sm/ha, 60. im/ha and 17. 4m/ha respectively. The density of irrigation canal of the area was high by 2 times in comparison with the average one of Kangweon Province, and the others were nearly the same. (6) Most farmers (above 85%) knew the effects of paddy field consolidation. The effects are; 1) Improvement of irrigation 2) Improvement of farm management 3) Improvement of transportarion 4) farm mechanization and 5) grouping of the scattered land. And the more farm modernization was accomplished by these projects, the more farmers wanted to live in their land. (7) In spite of the very steep sloped paddy field, the diminution rate of the net farm land caused by consolidation was 7.7% which was nearly the same as the one of Chulweon plain of Kangweon province. Land grading cost was 971, OOOwon/ha which was rather cheap by 13.2% than the one of Ghulweon plain, and unit construction cost was 5, 341, OOOwon/ha (included soil addition) which was also nearly the same as the one of Chulweon plain and FNFIA (The federation of national farmland improvement association).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 1998

This study was carried out to survey basic information of swine farms on the machine holdings. facility type. management of manure by farm scale and operation, and then to develop the mechanization model. Manual feeding was common for sows and nursing sows. but automation feeding was normally furnished for weaners. growing pigs and castrated male pigs. Water supplies was completely automated for all of the surveyed swine farms. Fully mechanized and automated system would not be feasible and affordable for the small scale farms breeding less than 500 heads. Because the environmental control for the nursing sows and weaner was important, some swine houses were constructed with the windowless type. However, the furnished rates ranged from 22.2% to 44.4% of the surveyed nursing sow and weaner houses at the farm scales. In the future, a computerized ventilation system would be commended for the efficient use of heat energy and to maintain the desirable temperature of swine buildings. Over-investment for large scale farm and over-crowded pigpen of small farm would cause wasting construction expenses and spreading epidermic diseases Hence, the size of swine building should follow the recommended scale. The fermentation drier was recommended for the manure management. Urine could be recycled or discharged after treating by the activated sludge process.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to know the labor saving effect and reducing production cost by agricultural mechanization in the cultivation of Bupleurum falcatum. Labor reducing effects of the drilling seeder by hand and the machine attached to two wheel tiller were 97%, but emergency rate was highest in the former. Dry root yield per plant was increased by low amount of seed sowing but that yield per unit area was increased at much seeding amount in the seeder attached to the tiller. The drilling seeder by hand was showed highest standing ratio of seedling and produced yield to 84.1kg of root yield per 10a. Labor saving effect was the best at the multipurposes mechanized harvester and labor saving and famer's income ratio were increased to 69% and 50% respectively. Labor time and cost were reduced to 74% and 69% respectively by mechanization of sowing and harvest cultivation practice on Bupleurum falcatum.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3772-3777
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• 1975

This paper reports on the analysis of the distributions of probable days being good for mechanical rice harvesting and the method of determining the capacity of rice harvesting machinery for the given harvesting duration. In the analysis of the probability distribution of days being good for rice harvesting, the daily rainfalls above which mechanical field work may be impracticable were specified and their frequency of occurances was analyzed by using the weather records during past twenty-one years measured at five different locations. The conclusions being drawn from the analysis are as follows: 1. The distributions of probable workable days in different region and harvesting duration are very distinct and are different to set a uniform trend (refer to Fig. 1-4). 2. The occurance of probable days being good for mechanical field work under 66% confidence level are quite variable by region and by ten-day period. The analysis indicates that the probable workable days may range from 7.5 to 8.5 days of 10-day span within optimum harvesting duration (refer to Table 1). 3. Based on the probability distributions analyzed, the optimun capacities of harvesting machinery required for different harvesting areas and harvesting start-date were estimated as a function of operating duration (refer to Fig. 5 and Table 2)

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2003

One of the major obstructing factors against managing dairy farm in Korea has been a shortage of roughage supply. The shortage of roughage caused excessive use of concentrate feed increase of production cost and deterioration of cattle quality. In order to solve this problem for the dairy farm, use of fallow paddy field in the winter was feasible to produce barley and rye forage during the winter season after harvesting of in. And many desirable effects of raising cattle productivity, saving dollars for importing feeds and providing huge ground for manure spreading are expected by enlarged local roughage production. Through analysing the forage producing process, a mechanized operation model was developed for dairy farms in Korea. Its model consists of seeding models(till, no-till model) and harvesting models(wrap silage, traditional silage, hay model). Currently, the government policies are being executed to urge producing winter cereal wrap silage in the fallow paddy field with various supporting programs. Ant with enlarged local forage production, it is possible to make a new huge market fur forage producing machine.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.383-388
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• 2014

This study was examined the physical characteristics (geometry, yield strength, thousand-seeds weight, true density, and moisture content) required for mechanization-related technologies such as (harvesting, washing, transport, and drying). Large differences in the size and shape of boxthorn berries(Jangmyeong, Bullo, Chungmyeong, and Hokwang) are used to analyze these physical properties. The average diameter, volume, surface area, and sphericity rate are calculated using long and short diameters of the boxthorn berry according to its variety. Hokwang has the largest measured surface area, and Bullo, the smallest. Average yield strength is 1.78 kPa and the mechanical pressure of soft boxthorn berries is not more than 1 kPa. Bullo has the highest true density. The optimum drying time for the measurement of moisture content is 4 hours at the drying temperature of $100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2000

A tractor attached TMR(model 430) mixer has been developed in a previous study. However, the mixer was found to be improved through field applications in its capacity, manufacturing cost, ergonomic design and power-train requirement. The TMR mixer was modified into a model TMR500, approved by Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, as follows : 1. Roughage cutting system was seperated from the mixer, resulting in the 33% reduction of manufacturing cost. 2. Enlarged hopper capacity enabled to feed 60 heads at a batch. 3. Hydraulically controlled gate system saved ergonomic man power. 4. Power transmission system was changed from a chain-sprocket system(27:1) to the gear-train reduction system(38.6:1) to satisfy the recommended use of 540rpm PTO input.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.341-350
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• 2019

Garlic is one of the most popular seasoning bulb vegetables in Korea and is the most commonly used food ingredient. However, the cultivation areas are decreasing every year as the price drops due to imported garlic, and labor is insufficient to produce garlic by conventional methods. Cultivation requires various tasks until garlic is harvested. Seeding is one of the important and laborious tasks; thus, mechanization is necessary. When seeding garlic, the sprout should face upwards; otherwise, it may rot or produce poor quality garlic. This study investigated the extent of growth of northern- and southern-type garlic in eight different positions. The results show when the roots were not planted properly, the stems were weak, and the garlic bulbs were small. A simple garlic planter was manufactured with a crank-press mechanism to plant garlic in an upright position. Using this machine, a three-fold experiment was carried out with 100 strips of garlic. The test results showed that 99.4% of the planted garlic strips were positioned upright or close to being upright, and 0.6% failed to take root. An image processing algorithm was developed to locate the root part of the garlic, and the result showed a success rate of 81%. A future study will develop an automatic garlic upright planting system with a viewing system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.452-461
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• 1982

Average yield of wheat and barley cultivars has been increased 3 percent every year by varietal improvement. The major characteristic changes of those improved cultivars were the early maturing and lodging resistance using dwarf genes, 70-90cm of culm length appearances, under the heavy fertilizer application. Looking back the cultural practices of wheat and barley for the last 20 years, the introduction of early maturing and lodging resistance cultivars around 1970 brought the changes of seeding rate from 65kg to 130- 200kg per hector and the tillering increased by heavy fertilizer. The utilization of livestock and man power for preparation of seedbed were gradually disappeared by increasing agricultural mechanization. The narrow-spaced seeding $(40cm {\times} l8cm)$ and drill seeding $(20cm {\times} 5cm)$ in upland, broadcasting or drilling on high ridge $(120cm {\times} 90cm)$ with the power-toller and whole area broadcasting in paddy field were improved as the main cultural method. The use of agricultural machineries reduced the labour consumption of 940 man hours to 180 man hours per hector from seeding to harvest.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.109-118
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• 1993

Development process of agricultural technology has been studied with a case study of Korean agriculture. Technological is considered as a transformer of inputs into outputs and hence technological appropriateness, an important aspect of agricultural development strategies, is considered as a dynamic concepts. Considering the concept of agricultural system as a delivery system for providing essential materials and services to producers and consumers, it has been divided into two major groups of dimensions vis. external challenge dimensions and internal response dimensions. Market, investment and agro-ecosystem constitute the external challenge dimensions : whereas trade , technology as well as production and resources allocation constitute internal response dimensions. The system manager is responsible for maintaining equilibrium in the mentioned six sub-systems. Two kinds of alternatives paths of technological development viz. land saving technology and labour saving technolog have been studied. Technology is considered as a combination of four basic components viz. facilities, abilities, facts and frameworks. Adoption of innovation in agriculture depends on profitability, awareness, risk aversion, financial capacity, institutional infrastructure, availability of physical inputs and adaptability to the local conditions. For a cast study of Korea, changes in the agricultural system through external challenge dimensions are investigated. The impacts of industrialization on agro-ecosystem reported are shift of labour from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors and continuously increasing demand of farm the agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors accompanied by increase in land prices. The impacts on the commodity market discussed are shift in demand from rice, barley and other cereals to meat , dairy products and vegetables : and increasing in supply capacity of agricultural inputs. The process of agricultural development from 1962 to 19 1 9 (i.e. from start of the first to the end of the sixth five year plan) are also discussed in details with several policy measures taken. The trend of agricultural income and productivity are also analyzed. The main cause of increase in the agricultural income is considered as increase in labour productivity. The study revealed that during the span of 1965-88, holding size has not changed significantly, but both the land and labour productivity increased and so did the agricultural income. R&D activities in Korea have changed over time in three stages vix. import of improved technology, localization by adaptive research and technological mastery. For the new technology to be made affordable to farmers, policy measures like fertilizer and food grain exchange system, dual price system in rice and barely and loan for machinery were strengthened.