• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.355-364
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Pre-harvest interval and decline pattern of thiamethoxam were determined in kiwifruit using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). The study was carried out to propose import tolerance using OECD maximum residue limit (MRL) calculator for the export promotion of kiwifruit to Taiwan. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thiamethoxam residue in kiwifruit was determined by using the LC-TriQ-MS/MS with the analytical process to set up the import tolerance under greenhouse conditions for Taiwan. Excellent linearity was observed for all of the analytes with a determination coefficient (R²)≥0.99. The limit of quantification was determined to be 0.01 mg/kg for both thiamethoxam and clothianidin in kiwifruit. Linearity was determined from the co-efficient of determinants (R²) obtained from the seven-point calibration curve. The standard calibration curve showed as follows; 1) Site 1 (Gimje): y = 944,406X + 1,583 (R²=0.9995), 2) Site 2 (Goheung): y = 1,356,205X + 934 (R²=0.9983), and 3) Site 3 (Jangheung): y = 1,239,937X - 3,090 (R²=0.9908). The residue of thiamethoxam in the kiwifruit for three decline trials showed the range of 0.35 to 0.56 mg/kg in site 1 (Gimje), 0.24 to 0.55 mg/kg in site 2 (Goheung), and 0.28 to 0.42 mg/kg in site 3 (Jangheung), respectively. However, clothianidin was not detected in all of the treatments. The maximum residual amounts (decline) in the samples, sprayed according to the safe-use standard for thiamethoxam 10% WG in kiwifruit (30 days before harvest, 3 sprays every 7 days) were 0.56 mg/kg in site 1, 0.55 mg/kg in site 2, and 0.42 mg/kg in site 3, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The import tolerance (IT) of thiamethoxam for kiwifruit may be proposed to be 0.9 mg/kg by using the OECD MRL calculator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.416-420
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• 2002

Various products of karanj (Pongamia glabra) are utilized for industrial, health and animal agriculture applications in the Indian subcontinent. Despite a rich source of protein (CP, 28-34%), karanj cake was found to be slightly bitter in taste and toxic owing to the presence of flavonoid (Karanjin), restricting its safe inclusion in the livestock diets. Feeding trials with raw cake revealed its poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock including poultry. The present study was, therefore, aimed to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods like solvent extraction, water washing, pressure cooking and alkali and acid treatments. The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The raw expeller karanj cake was found to contain about 0.19% of karanjin. Though a non-polar solvent, soxhlet extraction of expeller pressed cake with petroleum ether drastically reduced karanjin content (0.01%). Soaking of cake for 24 h in 1% NaOH (w/w) solution was found to reduce karanjin to a major extent with little further benefit by increasing alkali level. Milder alkalies like lime and fertilizer grade urea reduced the karanjin levels marginally. Similar was the case with mineral acids such as HCl and glacial acetic acid. It was, therefore, concluded that solvent extraction of karanj seeds would be the best method of detoxification as well as for more recovery of oil and karanjin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1755-1762
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of particle size in total mixed ration (TMR) on performance of lactating cows. Three rumen cannulated Holstein cows were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design for the metabolic experiment. The particle size of the diets was determined using the Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPSS) and weighing the proportion of sample remaining on the top screen (19 mm diameter). The 3 treatments were short, medium or long diets (4.9, 24.2 and 27.8% of sample remaining on the top screen of the PSPSS, respectively). Nine farms in the Edmonton area were surveyed and the farms were placed into groups based on the particle size of the ration fed. The groups were short ${\leq}6%$, medium 7-12% and long ${\geq}13%$ of sample weight remaining on the top screen of the PSPSS. Dry matter intake was greater (p=0.07) for the medium diet than the long diet in the metabolic study and resulted in a higher (p=0.07) efficiency of milk production. On the commercial farms, a significantly (p=0.002) lower milk fat percentage was observed for the long diet compared to the short diet. The results of these studies confirm that forage particle size influences milk composition and milk fat was negatively correlated to TMR particle size.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 2014

Understanding the gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to conventional crops is important to prevent and mitigate seed contamination caused by pollen-mediated gene flow. We conducted a field test to investigate the gene flow from diamondback moth resistant GM cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) containing cry1Ac1 gene, to a non-GM control line AD126. GM and non-GM cabbage plants were cultivated in the field and pollinated using Bombus terrestris under the nets during the flowering periods. After seeds were collected from non-GM plants, hybrids between them and the GM cabbages were screened by multiplex PCR targeting cry1Ac1 gene. Out of 878 germinated seedlings, 168 hybrids were found and the average gene flow frequency was 19.7%. Because cabbage is mainly pollinated by insect pollinators, large-scale field tests are needed to study gene flow of GM cabbage.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish conditions to dry a radish by examining the drying and quality characteristics depending on the air temperature and velocity of a far infrared conveyor dryer. Methods: A sample of weighing 6 kg was dried until the moisture content reached $15{\pm}0.5%$ (w.b.). Four temperatures (50, 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$) and three air velocity levels (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 m/s) were employed as the drying factors. Results: The drying rate increased with the increase in the temperature and air velocity but decreased with time. However, the drying rate was influenced by temperature rather than velocity. At a temperature $50^{\circ}C$ with a air velocity of 0.4 m/s, it took 350 min for the radish to dry which was the longest drying time; $80^{\circ}C$ with a air velocity of 0.8m/s, it took 180 min for the radish to dry, which was the shortest drying time. ${\Delta}E$ (the color difference value) increased with the increase in temperature and air velocity. The browning and rehydration ratio increased as the temperature rose. Energy consumption decreased with the increased temperature and air velocity. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the best drying conditions for the radish were determined to be a temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ with an air velocity of 0.8 m/s.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.239-254
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• 2004

It has been debating about conducting and interpretating of 2-year rodent carcinogenicity bioassay. Although some criticisms arising in usefulness, it has been still known that long-term carcinogenicity studies using rodents would be the only assay system to predict any possible human risks, which would not be replaced. Both regulatory agencies and academies have developed some assay models, however, there have been controversy whether those study designs and interpretations are based on sound scientific rationale and validated data. Such kinds of issues including choice of species/strain, dose level selection, duration of study, number of animals per group, historical control data, monitoring parameters, terminal investigations, peer review, statistics, alternative assay models, interpretation of neoplastic lesions, and risk assessments, were reviewed.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2006

Antiallergic activities of two variants of Artemisia princeps Pampanini SJ-1 (named as Sajabalssuk) and SS-1 (named as Sajuarissuk) cultivated in Ganghwado, which contain high content of eupatilin compared to those cultured by other places, were investigated to evaluate the possibility as inhibitors against allergic diseases. Ethanol and supercritical fluid extracts of SJ-1 and SS-1 inhibited the release of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ from RBL-2H3 cells, although their water extracts were inactive. These extracts potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production of RAW264.7. However, these extracts almost did not scavenge free radicals. Oral administration of these extracts to mice inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction induced by IgE, and acute dermatitis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. However, these extracts did not inhibit chronic dermatitis. Scratching behaviors, vascular permeability, and writhing syndromes were weakly inhibited by these extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Based on these findings, we believe that SJ-1 and SS-1 can improve IgE-induced allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2022

The taste preference for cheese is primarily dependent on an individual's habitual experience, such as personal memories since childhood. Cheese is not a traditional food in Korea, and therefore, the liking of cheese is acquired mainly through the exposure to European natural cheese by frequent travels rather than habitual experience. Although Korean dairy farms started the production of European style natural cheese because of surplus milk undulation, yet its demand has been consistently increasing in the last decade. Most of the mountain cheese variety in Europe are produced during the summer season on mountain pastures, especially in countries surrounded by the Alps. Nevertheless, not only consumers but also mountain cheese producers cannot comprehensively explain the differences in the nutritional properties of the milk from cows that grazed on mountain pasture and cows that were raised indoors. As the demand for cheese consumption is steadily increasing in Korea, it is necessary to study the effects of providing marketing information regarding the health conditions and rearing system of dairy cows in relation to the nutritional composition of cheese. In addition to the marketing focus on health-promoting unsaturated fatty acid composition of milk and cheese, the relationship between providing the marketing information on the raising environments of cows and the overall liking of mountain cheese were also investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 1993

This study determined the concentrations of micro-minerals in pastures, in feed supplements and in grazing, reproducing ewes, at different times during the year, at three farms in Northern China. Samples were collected 5 to 8 times during the year and analysed for selenium, copper, iron, molybdenum and zinc. On two farms selenium concentrations in both pastures and animal tissues were low for part of the year. The lowest concentrations in pasture (< $30{\mu}g/kg$ DM) and liver (< $100{\mu}g/kg$ wet weight) indicated that productivity of the sheep may be reduced by a deficiency of this element. On one farm copper concentrations in the lever were in the liver were in the deficient range (< $5{\mu}g/kg$ wet weight) for part of the year. It is likely that this is a result of high intakes of iron from pasture (up to 4.5 g Fe/kg DM) and soil, as indicated by high concentrations of iron in faeces (up to 7 g Fe/kg DM). Molybdenum intake is unlikely to have had much influence on copper absorption because pasture concentrations of this element were not unusually high (1 to 5 mg/kg DM). Zinc in pastures on two farms was below 10 mg/kg DM for part of the year. On one of these farms, the concentration of zinc in faeces was below 30 mg/kg DM throughout the year and this is consistent with zinc intakes of 7 to 15 mg/kg. Despite these low intakes, the concentratons of zinc in plasma were consistently above deficient levels. No clinical signs of deficiencies of any of the elements studied were observed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.5 s.106
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• pp.419-424
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• 2004

In this study, a series of soil bin experiment was carried out to investigate experimentally the effect of the tire inflation pressure and axle load of tire on the steering torque for the off-road condition. The experiment was performed at the three levels of off-road conditions(ground I, ground II and ground III) and on-road condition(ground IV), four levels of tire inflation pressure(120 kPa, 170 kPa, 220 kPa and 270 kPa), and four levels of axle load(1470N, 1960N, 2450N and 2940N). The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Steering torque at the off-road conditions were higher than that on the on-road conditions for all levels of tire inflation pressure and axle load. 2. As the axle load increased, steering torque also increased f3r all experimental ground conditions. 3. For the axle load of 1470N the biggest steering torque was measured on the ground condition I, but as the axle load increased to the value of 2940N the biggest steering torque was measured on the ground condition III. From the above results, it was found that for the low axle load, steering torque gets higher on the soft ground condition, but for the high axle load, steering torque gets higher on hard ground condition for whole range of experimental conditions. 4. As the tire inflation pressure decreased, steering torque increased on the on-road condition, but no specific trend was not found at the off-road conditions.