• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.718-731
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• 2018

The beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been intensively investigated in recent decades with special focus on modulation of the host intestinal microbiota. Numerous discoveries of effective probiotics are driven by a significantly increasing demand for dietary supplements. Consequently, technological advances in the large-scale production and lyophilization are needed by probiotic-related industries for producing probiotic LAB for commercial use. Our study had a dual objective, to determine the optimum growth medium composition and to investigate appropriate cryoprotective additives (CPAs) for Lactobacillus salivarius, and compare its responses with other Lactobacillus species. The one-factor-at-a-time method and central composite design were applied to determine the optimal medium composition for L. salivarius cultivation. The following composition of the medium was established (per liter): 21.64 g maltose, 85 g yeast extract, 1.21 ml Tween 80, 6 g sodium acetate, $0.2g\;MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, $0.02g\;MnSO_4{\cdot}H_2O$, $1g\;K_2HPO_4$, $1.5g\;KH_2PO_4$, $0.01g\;FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, and 1 g sodium citrate. A cryoprotective additive combination comprising 10% (w/v) skim milk and 10% (w/v) sucrose supplemented with 2.5% (w/v) sodium glutamate was selected for L. salivarius, and its effectiveness was confirmed using culture-independent methods in the freeze-dried cells of the Lactobacillus strains. In conclusion, the optimized medium enhanced the species-specific cultivation of L. salivarius. On the other hand, the cryoprotective effects of the selected CPA mixture may also be dependent on the bacterial strain. This study highlights the necessity for precise and advanced processing techniques for large-scale production of probiotics in the food and feed industries.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.97-113
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• 2020

Soil is the foundation of human life and the basis for food security. Considering this it is prioritized in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Therefore, research on soil resilience in the agricultural environment is crucial for sound and sustainable soil management, especially in highly uncertain and unpredictable conditions. Soil resilience is defined in different ways by several researchers; however, its definition typically includes the concepts of recovery and resistance to stress. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soils that are used to assess the soil resilience, i.e., the response of soil to various types of stress are summarized in this study. In addition, various statistical processing techniques and quantification methods are summarized considering the wide spatial and temporal scope of soil resilience research. Several soil resilience studies typically conduct the following five steps: (1) soil and site selection (2) stress (independent variable) setting (3) soil characteristics and indicator (dependent variable) setting (4) performing various spatiotemporal scale experiments (5) statistical analysis. The previous and present studies present a general introduction of soil resilience, based on which, further practical research considering domestic agricultural environment should be conducted. The extensive range of soil resilience measurements will require collaboration between researchers in various fields.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.584-589
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• 1995

To select new useful plants with antibacterial activity, ninety five sample of eighty different species of wild plants were collected, and extracted with methanol. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The methanol extracts from Artemisia capillaris, Hemistepta lyrata, Youngia japonica, Prunella vulgaris, Lamium amplexicaule and Juniperus chinensis was effective against all bacterial strains tested, and eight methanol extracts including Ixeris dentata, Gnaphalium affine, Chelidonium majus and Spiraea prunifolia exhibited the antibacterial activity against at least 3 bacterial strains. Methanol extracts from leaf of Syringa vulgaris, Drava nemorosa and clove of Erythronium japonicum showed a selective antibacterial activity against two gram negative bacteria, V. parahaemolyticus, and B. subtilis, respectively. With investigations on antibacterial activity against a certain bacterial strains tested, metahnol extracts from clove of Erythronium japonicum, Spiraea prunifolia, leaf and twig of Camelia japonica, and Drava nemorosa showed strongest activities against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Nine methanol extracts based on the results were successively fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water portions, which were examined antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and V. parahaemolyticus. Among the all fractions tested, chloroform fractions of Hemistepta lyrata showed strongest antibacterial activity against both B. subtilis (17mm) and V. parahaemolyticus (29 mm). Chloroform fractions of Youngia japonica, n-hexane fractions of Artemisia capillaris, Iexeris dentata and Prunella vulgaris, and ethyl acetate fraction of leaf and twig of Camelia japonica showed relatively a strong antibacterial activity. On the other hand, Juniperus chinensis and Equisetum arvense was distributed to all fractions except for water fraction.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.400-406
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial contamination level of Korean traditional rice cakes (Garaetteok, Injeolmi, Gyeongdan), as well as manufacturing environment of small-sized businesses in Korea. The contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacillus cereus in raw materials were 3.76-4.48, 2.21-4.14, and 1.02-1.15 log CFU/g respectively. On the other hand, Escherichia coli was not found. It has been found that the contamination level of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and B. cereus in the raw material decreased after the washing process, but it increased again during the soaking and grinding process. However, after the steaming stage, the contamination level increased again during the molding and cooling process, suggesting the need to take cautions in managing cooling water and molded rice cakes in the process. These results suggest that the safe management of cooling water and taking cautions in the drying process after steaming of rice cakes are necessary for controlling cross-contamination. No E. coli was detected during the manufacturing process involving all tested rice cakes. The microbial contamination level of manufacturing environment such as rice grinder and rice cake forming machine was high. Therefore, in terms of food safety strategy, it is necessary to consider introducing systematic cleansing and disinfection procedure to processing equipment and environment for the sake of reducing microbiological risks.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the adequate standard pot and number of plants per tree of raising seeding pot on the foxtail millet transplanting culture in the southern province. Due to the various application of wellbeing-health food recently, for upbringing of the foxtail millet, millet and sorghum in minor cereals, R & D and policy support is being promoted actively. The foxtail millet growing season is so short from 90 to 130 days, and it is large variations for a growth temperature. The main results are as follows. When it comes to foxtail millet transplantation, seedling quality of 406 holes, 200 holes and 162 holes of raising seeding pot type were not all significant, and field rooting percentage is accounted for all 94 to 95%. Yield of a foxtail millet was exposed in 406holes 305 kg/10a>162holes 303 kg> 200holes 302 kg order, and it was no significance between test processing. When it's the raising seeding transplanting culture, in case of pot culture, 406holes pot culture were reduced the bed soil cost 63%, pot 50%, working hours 18% for 200holes pot. Transplanting seedling quality per a foxtail millet transplanting culture method, dry weight was high inclination as transplanting number of plant is less, and field rooting percentage displayed more than all 95%. Yield appeared to 2 plants seedling transplanting 315kg/10a> 3 plants seedling transplanting 304kg>1 plant seedling transplanting 256kg order. The projected cost per the pot-sort on the raising seeding transplanting culture of foxtail millet, the seedling transplanting culture of 406holes was reduced 40% percentages compared to 200holes as 76,230won/10a. As a result, 406holes pot and 2plants seedling transplanting culture, labor-saving culture was possible.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2014

This study has been performed for about 270 days at analyzing biologically hazardous factors in order to develop HACCP system for the non heat-frozen carrot juice. A process chart was prepared by manufacturing process of raw agricultural products of non heat-frozen carrot juice, which was contained water and packing material, storage, washing, cutting, extraction of the juice, internal packing, metal detection, external packing, storage and consignment (delivery). As a result of measuring Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli before and after washing raw carrot, Standard plate count was $4.7{\times}10^4CFU/g$ before washing but it was $1.2{\times}10^2CFU/g$ detected after washing. As a result of testing airborne bacteria (Standard plate count, Coliform group, Yeast and Fungal) depending on each workplace, number of microorganism of in packaging room, shower room and juice extraction room was detected to be 10 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate, 20 CFU/Plate, respectively. As a result of testing palm condition of workers, as number of Standard plate count, Coliform group and Staphylococcus aureus was represented to be high as $6{\times}10^4CFU/cm^2$, $0CFU/cm^2$ and $0CFU/cm^2$, respectively, an education and training for individual sanitation control was considered to be required. As a result of inspecting surface pollution level of manufacturing facility and devices, Coliform group was not detected in all the specimen but Standard plate count was most dominantly detected in scouring kier, scouring kier tray, cooling tank, grinding extractor, storage tank and packaging machine-nozzle as $8.00{\times}10CFU/cm^2$, $3.0{\times}10CFU/cm^2$, $4.3{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$, $7.5{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$, $6.0{\times}10CFU/cm^2$, $8.5{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$ respectively. As a result of analyzing above hazardous factors, processing process of ultraviolet ray sterilizing where pathogenic bacteria may be prevented, reduced or removed is required to be controlled by CCP-B (Biological) and critical level (critical control point) was set at flow speed is 4L/min. Therefore, it is considered that thorough HACCP control plan including control criteria (point) of seasoning fluid processing process, countermeasures in case of its deviation, its verification method, education/training and record control would be required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.684-688
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to search for the best strain as a source of L- $\alpha$-glycerophosphate oxidase (GPO) production and to establish the process technology for the purification of GPO on an industrial scale. The GPO was produced by culturing Streptococcus faecium, and purified by ammonium sulfate, DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The relative activity was 60 units/L for 5. faecim ATCC 12755, 65 units/L for 5. faecium ATCC 19634, and 67 units/L for 5. faecium $M_{74}$.LC, respectively. The optimum condition for fermentation was $37^{\circ}C$ for temperature, 300 rpm for stir rate, 0.5 L/min for aeration rate and 17 hours. The main culture medium prepared by the modified AC medium. AC medium consists of 0.1% glucose, 0.2% glycerol, 1.0% tryptone and 1.0% yeast extract, 0.5% $K_2HP0_4$, pH 7.0. The GPO was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange column chromatography, The yield and purity were 17.2% and 5.3 fold, respectively.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.9
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• pp.51-59
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• 1991

This study was conducted to understand browning characteristics of Chinese Chestnut during processing and storage. For this, the isolation and identification of polyphenolic compounds and the biochemical characteristics of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were investigated. The content of total phenol was $6.5{\mu}g/g$ and it was consisted of ferulic acid, caffeic acid, synapic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid and salicylic acid in order. PPO was purified 11.7 fold through ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. Purified enzyme showed single protein and activity band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature of PPO were 5.9 and $45^{\circ}C$, respectively. The activity of PPO was lost 93% by exposing at $80^{\circ}C$ for 15minutes. $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, $Zn^{{+}{+}}$ increased the activity of PPO, but $Fe^{{+}{+}}$, $K^+$, $Hg^{{+}{+}}$ inhibited PPO at 10mM concentration. L-ascorbic acid, thiourea, sodium chloride and L-cysteine were effective inhibitors of PPO. The activity of PPO was higher for o-diphenols than other polyphenols. The Km value of PPO for catechol was 5mM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.788-793
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• 1999

In this study, it was investigated that the isolation and identification of spoilage bacteria from contaminated aseptic packaged cooked rice, the potential for application of acidic electrolyzed saline solution (AESS) as water-for-cooked rice and the microbiological safety of AESS-based cooked rice. Five strains of Bacillus subtilis and a B. cereus strain among the total six isolates were partially identified by biochemical method and by Microbial Identification System (MIS). The bactericidal effect of AESS was similar as 0.1% NaOCl and 70% ethanol solution, or better than that. All of the test microorganisms except Bacillus spp. that were exposed to AESS for five seconds were destructed. The effect of AESS against Bacillus spp. was much better than that of the two solutions and all of them were destructed or inhibited on exposure for five minutes. The pH value of cooked rice prepared using AESS was in the range of 3.6 to 4.3 and was not almost changed through the storage period. Various concentrations of cell suspension of Bacillus isolates were inoculated to cooked rice, which were prepared with tap water and AESS, and stored at $37^{\circ}C$ for two weeks. The result was shown that the bacteria in tap water-based cooked rice appeared normal cell growth, while they were completely repressed in AESS-based cooked rice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 2020

The cultivars of wine grapes 'Doonuri', 'Narsha', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', and 'Merlot' were cultivated in Modified-T (MT), Modified-T Cane pruning (MTC), and Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) trellises, and the changes in vine growth, fruit and wine characteristics were compared for two years (2018 and 2019). With respect to the vine growth characteristics, the wine grape cultivars cultivated in the GDC trellis were significantly inferior to those cultivated in the MT or MTC trellises. The grape yields of the cultivars cultivated in GDC trellise increased by 1.5 to 2 times cultivated in the GDC trellises compared to those cultivated in the other trellis, however, the fruit characteristics (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and berry weight) did not differ among the differently cultivated groups. Moreover, the anthocyanin content and red color of the wine were significantly enriched in all red wine grape cultivars cultivated in the GDC trellises.