• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2006

Structural studies have been performed on precipitation hardening discovered in $L1_2-ordered\;Ni_3(Al,Cr)$ containing 0.2 to 3.0 mol% of carbon using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fine octahedral precipitates of $M_{23}C_6$ appeared in the matrix by aging at temperatures around 973 K after solution treatment at 1423 K. TEM examination revealed that the $M_{23}C_6$ phase and the matrix lattices have a cube-cube orientation relationship and keep partial atomic matching at the {111} interface. After prolonged aging or by aging at higher temperatures, the $M_{23}C_6$ precipitates then adopt a rod-like morphology elongated parallel to the <100> directions. Deformation at temperature below 973 K, typical Orowan loops were observed surrounding the $M_{23}C_6$ particles. At higher deformation temperatures, the Orowan loops disappeared and the morphology of dislocations at the particle-matrix interfaces suggested the existence of attractive interaction between dislocations and particles. The change of the interaction modes between dislocation and particles with increasing deformation temperature can be considered as a result of strain relaxation at the interface between matrix and particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2014

Generally, the nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves is measured using a nonlinear parameter ${\beta}$, which is defined as the ratio of the second harmonic's magnitude to the power of the fundamental frequency component after the ultrasonic wave propagates through a material. Nonlinear parameter ${\beta}$ is recognized as an effective parameter for evaluating material degradation. In this paper, we evaluated the nonlinear parameter of Al6061-T6 which had been subjected to an artificial aging heat treatment. The measurement was using the transmitted signal obtained from contact-type transducers. After the ultrasonic test, a micro Vickers hardness test was conducted. From the result of the ultrasonic nonlinear parameter, the microstructural changes resulting from the heat treatment were estimated and the hardness test proved that these estimates were reasonable. Experimental results showed a correlation between the ultrasonic nonlinear parameter and microstructural changes produced by precipitation behavior in the material. These results suggest that the evaluation of mechanical properties using ultrasonic nonlinear parameter ${\beta}$ can be used to monitor variations in the mechanical hardness of aluminum alloys in response to an artificial aging heat-treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 1981

It is well-known that nowadays heat resisting and anti-corrosive materials have been widely used as the components materials of gas turbines, nuclear power plants and engines etc. In the fields of machine production industry. And materials for engine components, like as the exhaust valve of internal combustion engine, have been required to operate under the high temperature range of $700^{\circ}C$-$800^{\circ}C$ and high pressured gas with repeated mechanical load for the high performance of engines. For these components, friction welding for bonding of dissimilar steels can be applied for in order to obtain process shortening, production cost reduction and excellent bonding quality. And age hardening recently has been noticed to the heat resisting materials for further strengthening of high temperature strength, especially high temperature fatigue strength. However, it is difficult to find out any report concerning the effects of age hardening for strengthening high temperature fatigue strength to the Friction welded heat resisting and anti-corrosive materials. In this study the experiment was carried out as the high temperature rotary bending fatigue testing under the condition of $700^{\circ}C$ high temperature to the friction welded domestic heat resisting steels, SUH3-SUS303, which were 10hr., 100hr. aging heat treated at $700^{\circ}C$ after solution treatment 1hr. at $1, 060^{\circ}C$ for the purpose of observing the effects of the high temperature fatigue strength and fatigue fracture behaviors as well as with various mechanical properties of welded joints. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Through mechanical tests and micro-structural examinations, the determined optimum welding conditions, rotating speed 2420 rpm, heating pressure 8kg/mm super(2), upsetting pressure 22kg/mm super(2), the amount of total upset 7mm (heating time 3 sec and upsetting time 2 sec) were satisfied. 2) The solution treated material SUH 3, SUS 303, have the highest inclination gradient on S-N curve due to the high temperature fatigue testing for long time at $700^{\circ}C$. 3) The optimum aging time of friction welded SUH3-SUS 303, has been recognized near the 10hr. at $700^{\circ}C$ after the solution treatment of 1hr. at $1, 060^{\circ}C$. 4) The high temperature fatigue limits of aging treated materials were compared with those of raw material according to the extender of aging time, on 10hr. aging, fatigue limits were increased by SUH 3 75.4%, SUS 303 28.5%, friction welded joints SUH 3-SUS 303 44.2% and 100hr. aging the rates were 64.9%, 30.4% and 36.6% respectively. 5) The fatigue fractures occurred at the side of the base matal SUS303 of the friction welded joints SUH 3-SUS 303 and it is difficult to find out fractures at the friction welding interfaces. 6) The cracking mode of SUS 303, SUH 3-303 is intergranular in any case, but SUH 3 is fractured by transgranular cracking.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.235-251
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• 2016

The main purposes of this study is to examine the effect of treatment setting on patient participation, and the moderating effect of negative emotion between treatment setting and patient participation. For the purposes of this study's goals, the 320 samples for this empirical study were collected from the general hospital and medical clinic outpatients in C and carried out hierarchial regression by SPSS 19.0. The results of this study are as follows. There is positive effect of cleanness of the treatment setting on behavior factor in patient participation. The higher aging of patient have influences on emotional factor in patient participation. There are positive effects of the third person in treatment settings on emotional and informational factors in patient participation. There is negative effect of negative emotion on emotional and informational factors in patient participation. There are negative effects of time pressure in treatment settings on emotional and informational factors in Patient Participation. On interaction effect, there are positive effects of cleanness in treatment setting and negative emotion on emotional and informational factors in patient participation. Implications for theoretical and practical patient participation are discussed.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.14 no.1 s.73
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• pp.71-77
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• 2005

Thermal stability and dry sliding wear behavior of ultra-fine grained 6061 Al alloy fabricated by an accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process have been investigated. After 4 ARB cycles, an ultra-fine grained microstructure of the 6061 Al alloy composed of grains with average size of 500nm, and separated mostly by high-angle boundaries was obtained. Though hardness and tensile strength of the ARB processed Al alloy increased with ARB cycles up to 4 cycles, the processed alloy exhibited decreased ductility and little strain hardening. Thermal stability of the ARB-processed microstructure was studied by annealing of the severely deformed alloy at $423K{\sim}573K$. The refined microstructure of the alloy remained stable up to 473K, and the peak aging treatment of the alloy at 450K for 8 hrs increased the thermal stability of the alloy. Sliding-wear rates of the alloy increased with the number of ARB cycles in spite of the increased hardness with the cycles. Wear mechanisms of the ultra-fine grained alloy were investigated by examining worn surfaces, wear debris, and cross-sections by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.345-353
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the stress-coping process used by elderly people. Method: This study was based on the grounded theory methodology of Strauss & Corbin. The participants were 15 elders selected by theoretical sampling. Over a period of 3 months, in-depth interviews using audiotape recording were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded in categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology, Result: Stress in elderly people is caused by illness, family conflict, and loss of economic power. Stress occurred in connection with aging and limitation of social activity. The central incidents for stress were fear, alienation and anxiety. It was found that action/interactional strategies of stress-coping behavior were related to social support and mobility disorders. Action/interactional strategies to stress-coping in elderly people were dependent on medical treatment, mind control, participation of social activity, and renunciation of offensive behavior. Stress-coping in elderly people resulted in stability or instability in body and mind. Conclusion: It is suggested that the results of this study may contribute to the development stress-coping strategies for elderly people. There is need to develop social support systems and a positive environment to avoid negative coping strategies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.728-731
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• 1995

Miniaturzed specimen technology permits mechanical bechanical behavior to be determined using a minimum volume of material. because it is almost impossible to sample the conventional specimen for the fracture toughness test without damage to the rotor. In addition, it is different to collect a large amount of actual turbine rotor steels. Hence seven kinds of specimen with different degradation levels were prepared by isothermal aging heat treatment at 630 .deg. C. Test material was 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel which was widely used for turbine rotor material. The relation between fracture toughness and DBTT was investigated The characteristics of minaturized impact speciments technique was discussed. Finally, the estimating method of fracture toughness using a single impact specimen was introduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.933-937
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• 1996

In this paper, the behavior of plastic zone in the notch tip was studied under Loye's Micro Vickers Hardness Measurement Method. The direction forming maximum plastic zone was estimated by finite element analysis. In the experiments, cold rolling sheet SGCD3, SK5 and hot rolling sheet SS41, S4SC was used to study the influence of carbon contents on plastic zone. The standard hardness test specimen and the notch hardness test specimen was made and loaded cyclically. The specimen was aged to stabilize the hardness. After aging treatment, the notch specimen was made and simple tension load of 50% yield strength was applied. The hardness test at the notch tip until the hardness data of standard hardness specimen was checked was performed.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships of the life style to health care behavior among Japanese elderly. The sample was composed of 89 older people over 60 years old who live in Osaka area in Japan. Major findings are as follows: 1) Japanese elderly have strong interests in health care and put themselves out to care health, 2) Japanese elderly are likely to be benefited with the medical treatment in hospital, but not economically dependent upon their children, 3) Their life style reflects both Japanese traditional collectivism and the neo-aging cultural value, and 4) Life style patterns of the Japanese elderly are related to their health state and health care behaviors.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

The effects of a heat treatment on the carbide formation behavior and mechanical properties of the cobalt-based superalloy X-45 were investigated here. Coarse primary carbides formed in the interdendritic region in the as-cast specimen, along with the precipitation of fine secondary carbides in the vicinity of the primary carbides. Most of the carbides formed in the interdendritic region were dissolved into the matrix by a solution treatment at $1274^{\circ}C$. Solutionizing at $1150^{\circ}C$ led to the dissolution of some carbides at the grain boundaries, though this also caused the precipitation of fine carbides in the vicinity of coarse primary carbides. A solution treatment followed by an aging treatment at $927^{\circ}C$ led to the precipitation of fine secondary carbides in the interdendritic region. Very fine carbides were precipitated in the dendritic region by an aging heat treatment at $927^{\circ}C$ and $982^{\circ}C$ without a solution treatment. The hardness value of the alloy solutionized at $1150^{\circ}C$ was somewhat higher than that in the as-cast condition; however, various aging treatments did not strongly influence the hardness value. The specimens as-cast and aged at $927^{\circ}C$ showed the highest hardness values, though they were not significantly affected by the aging time. The specimens aged only at $982^{\circ}C$ showed outstanding tensile and creep properties. Thermal exposure at high temperatures for 8000 hours led to the precipitation of carbide at the center of the dendrite region and an improvement of the creep rupture lifetimes.