• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6521-6526
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• 2015

Background: This study aimed toanalyze the risk behavior for cervical cancer (CC) and the human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and resolution among women who received care through the private healthcare network of a municipality in southern Brazil. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted with 25 women aged 20 to 59 years who received care through the private healthcare network and were treated at a specialty clinic in the period from January to December 2012 in a municipality in Northwest Parana, Southern Brazil. Data from medical records with cytological and HPV results were used. Following treatment, these women were followed-up and reassessed after 6 months. Data were statistically analyzed using the t-test and chi-squared test at a 5% significance level. Results: The mean age of the studied women was $27.8{\pm}7.75$ years old, and the majority were married, with paid employment and were non-smokers. The mean age at menarche was $13.0{\pm}0.50$ years old, and the mean age at first intercourse was $17.5{\pm}1.78$ years, with only 8.0% (2) initiating sexual activity at an age ${\leq}15$ years old. The majority had 1 to 2 children (60.0%), while 88.0% reported having had one sexual partner in their lifetime, and all the women were sexually active. A total of 68.0% used a hormonal contraceptive method. All the women had leukorrhea and pain and were infected by a single HPV type. Regarding the lesion grade, 80.0% showed high risk and 20.0% low risk. The most prevalent high-risk HPV strain was 16. Conclusions: These findings provide relevant information on HPV risk factors and infection, as well as the treatment and 6-month follow-up results, in economically and socially advantaged women with no traditional risk factors, corroborating previous reports that different risk factors may be described in different populations. Thus, this study reinforces the fact that even women without the traditional risk factors should undergo HPVmonitoring and assessment to determine the persistence of infection, promoting early diagnosis of the lesions presented and appropriate treatment to thus prevent the occurrence of CC.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the result of arthroscopic treatment in septic knee arthritis and evaluate the prognostic factor over 50 years old. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two patients were treated by arthroscope for septic knee arthritis from January, 2002 to August, 2005. The mean follow-up period was 27.5months. We assessed Lysholm score as functional result, CRP normalized period as laboratory result, and knee range of motion as clinical result. We evaluated patient's age, underlying disease, causative organism, previous knee status (Kellgren stage), clinical status of septic arthritis (G$\ddot{a}$chter stage) and history of intra-articular injection as prognostic factor. Results: Mean Lysholm score was improved from 40.7 to 67.1. And the mean CRP normalized period was 38.7days. At last follow-up, almost patient (92%) were recovered to prior knee full range of motion and 45 patient (74%) were completely cured by one stage operation. The microorganism isolated were MSSA (n=13), MSSE (n=3), MRSA/MRSE (n=4),no microorganism (n=27) and others (n=5). In Lysholm score, young age (42.8(preop.)$\rightarrow$83.5(postop.)), Kellgren stage 0 ($45.5{\rightarrow}84.2$), G$\ddot{a}$chter stage I ($39.3{\rightarrow}73.1$) and no microorganism (442.1{\rightarrow}72.6$) were more increased than old age (439.3{\rightarrow}61.7$), Kellgren IV ($28.3{\rightarrow}43.7$), G$\ddot{a}$chter stage IV ($40.2{\rightarrow}67.1$) and MRSA/MRSE ($40{\rightarrow}58.75$). In case of old age (42.3days), G$\ddot{a}$chter stage IV (55.5), Kellgren stage IV(43.7), DM patient (42.1) and intra-articular injection history (52.1), the CRP titer normalized period was longer than mean period. MRSA/MRSE(n=3,75%) were not normalized in CRP titer at last follow-up. Conclusion: Arthroscopic treatment of septic knee would be an effective and satisfactory procedure. Age, previous knee status (Kellgren stage), underlying disease (DM), intra-articular injection history, microorganism and Ga¨chter stage effect end result outcome.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2002

Purpose : Nowadays, drinks, foods and snacks have frequently been intensified with calcium and the insights into the importance of calcium-intake in general has developed in Korea. In this decade, we found the numbers of children who was visited to our hospital for evaluation of hematuria defined with hypercalciuria were increased. So we tried to compare the mean levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH who visited our hospital in 1991, 1992 with in 2000, 2001. Materials and methods : Between January 1991 to December 1992, and between January 2000 to December 2001, each 366 children and 488 children, aged 1 month to 15 years, who presented in our hospital for tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy or for inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled in the study, The children in the study were checked the level of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH with the machine which was corrected the similar levels of practical chemical levels in serum. We compared each mean levels in 1991s' group with in 2001s' group totally and separately through the age and sex. We used t-test to analysis data. Results : The levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and urinary pH of 2001s' group were significantly higher than the levels of 1991s' group(P<0.05). The each level was $9.91{\pm}0.50\;mg/dL,\;248.58{\pm}94.98\;U/L,\;0.61{\pm}0.14\;mg/dL,\;138.64{\pm}2.22\;mM/L,\;4.35{\pm}0.40\;mM/L,\;6.18{\pm}0.86$ in 2001s' and $9.13{\pm}0.68;mg/dL,\;198.26{\pm}79.34\;U/L,\;0.433{\pm}0.18\;mg/dL,\;137.86{\pm}2.67\;mM/L,\;4.22{\pm}0.36\;mM/L,\;5.83{\pm}0.95$ in 1991s'. And the levels of serum bicarbonate, $23.64{\pm}2.57\;mM/L$ in 2001s' was significantly lower than the 1991s', $24.60{\pm}2.23\;mM/L$(P<0.05). The similar results were detected each age and sex group. Conclusion : The levels of serum calcium increase in this decade. The results will be used as a basic data for the national health plan in the years to come.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2010

Purpose: The static image of nuclear medicine study should be acquired without a motion, however, it is difficult to acquire static image without movement for the serious patients, advanced aged patients. These movements cause decreases in reliability for quantitative and qualitative analysis, therefore re-examination was inevitable in the some cases. Consequently, in order to improve the problem of motion artifacts, the authors substituted the dynamic acquisition technique for the static acquisition, using motion correction. Materials and Methods: A capillary tube and IEC body phantom were used. First, the static image was acquired for 60 seconds while the dynamic images were acquired with a protocol, 2 sec/frame${\times}$30 frames, under the same parameter and the frames were summed up into one image afterwards. Also, minimal motion and excessive motion were applied during the another dynamic acquisition and the coordinate correction was applied towards X and Y axis on the frames where the motion artifact occurred. But the severe blurred images were deleted. Finally, the resolution and counts were compared between the static image and the summed dynamic images which before and after applying motion correction, and the signal of frequency was analysed after frequency spatial domain was transformed into 2D FFT. Supplementary examination, the blind test was performed by the nuclear medicine department staff. Results: First, the resolution in the static image and summed dynamic image without motion were 8.32 mm, 8.37 mm on X-axis and 8.30 mm, 8.42 mm on Y-axis, respectively. The counts were 484 kcounts, 485 kcounts each, so there was nearly no difference. Secondly, the resolution in the image with minimal motion applying motion correction was 8.66 mm on X-axis, 8.85 mm on Y-axis and had 469 kcounts while the image without motion correction was 21.81 mm, 24.02 mm and 469 kcounts in order. So, this shows the image with minimal motion applying motion correction has similar resolution with the static image. Lastly, the resolution in the images with excessive motion applying motion correction were 9.09 mm on X-axis, 8.83 mm on Y-axis and had 469 kcounts while the image without motion correction was 47.35 mm, 40.46 mm and 255 kcounts in order. Although there was difference in counts because of deletion of blurred frames, we could get similar resolution. And when the image was transformed into frequency, the high frequency was decreased by the movement. However, the frequency was improved again after motion correction. In the blind test, there was no difference between the image applying motion correction and the static image without motion. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the static image and the summed dynamic image. This technique can be applied to patients who may have difficulty remaining still during the imaging process, so that the quality of image can be improved as well as the reliance for analysis of quantity. Moreover, the re-examination rate will be considerably decreased. However, there is a limit of motion correction, more time will be required to successfully image the patients applying motion correction. Also, the decrease of total counts due to deletion of the severe blurred images should be calculated and the proper number of frames should be acquired.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-104
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• 2010

Purpose: Raynaud scan is divided to flow, blood pool and local-delay image. Usually, we evaluate comparison through blood pool and local-delay image. We will evaluate about usability when comparative observe blood image and local-delay image in Raynaud scan that used $^{201}Tl$ as making flow image to one sheet of images. Materials and Methods: We have selected 29 Raynaud phenomenon patients aged 14~68 years who visited department of vascular surgery between Feb. 2008 and Aug. 2009. An intravenous injection $^{201}Tl$ of 111 MBq (3 mCi) to opposite side diagonal line limbs above an internal auditing department. Equipment used Philips gamma camera forte A-Z, and collimator used LEHR. Matrix size set up to each $64{\times}64$, $128{\times}128$, $256{\times}256$ and zoom factor used to full field. Protocol of dynamic is 2 second to 155 frames. Blood pool and delay count to 300 second. We set up ROI by a foundation to data acquired in PEGASYS processing program. Each results were analyzed with the SPSS 12.0 statistical software. Results: Each averages of count ratio (Rt / Lt) to have been given at composite image, a blood pool image, delay images analyzed at Raynaud phenomenon patients is $1.25{\pm}0.39$, $1.20{\pm}0.33$, $1.11{\pm}0.17$. The sample analysis results of blood pool image and delay image contented itself with p<0.029. Also, there don't have been each difference, and blood pool image, delay image regarding composite image was able to know. Conclusion: We were able to give help for comparison to evaluate a blood pool image and a local delay image at the Raynaud scan which used $^{201}Tl$ while making a flow image to one sheet image. Identification to be visual too was possible. If you are proceeded a researcher that there was further depth, you are more appropriate for, and you may get useful information.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.104-111
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• 2009

Purpose: Osteocalcin is also known as the bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein (BGP), is noncollagenous bone protein synthesized by osteoblasts. Serum concentrations of Osteocalcin have been used as a biochemical marker of bone turnover. The reference intervals of Osteocalcin is categorized by kit corporation according to the age. However, each laboratory should establish its own reference intervals. In this study, the variation in the serum Osteocalcin level were used to find actual standard age-specific Osteocalcin reference intervals. Materials and Methods: We have selected 864 healthy females aged 20~80 years who visited a health promotion center between Aug. 2007 and Sep. 2008. The Osteocalcin IRMA Kit (OSTEO-RIACT, CIS Bio international, Gif-sur-Yvette, France) was used for the quantification. Each results were analyzed with the SPSS 12.0 statistical software. Results: The analyzed reference intervals of Osteocalcin by using Hoffmann method are from 8.8~39.4 ng/mL to 6.3~28.8 ng/mL for the case of the age from 20 to 30, from 7.7~31.9 ng/mL to 5.9~17.4 ng/mL for the case of the age from 31 to 40, and from 8.0~36.0 ng/mL to 5.5~20.1 ng/mL for the case of the age from 41 to 50, and from 8.0~50.5 ng/mL to 6.7~27.0 ng/mL for the case of the age from 51 to 60, and from 12.9~55.9 ng/mL to 7.5~27.5 ng/mL for the case of the age from 61 to 80. Reference intervals of Osteocalcin were not in agreement with those recommended by the manufacturers. Conclusions: Osteocalcin is used as an indication of metabolic bone diseases. So in our study we wanted to provide reference intervals of Osteocalcin that can be useful to a clinical decisions. Also, previous reference intervals should not be re-used and new intervals should be set by continuous analyzing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1366-1374
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• 2016

Most elderly have difficulties in managing food safety and nutrition by themselves. Various nutrition educations for the elderly have been developed, but food safety and nutrition education program and educational tools for the elderly are very limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate a food safety and nutrition education program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) for the elderly. Education program was implemented for 220 seniors (137 educated group and 83 control group) aged over 65 years at senior welfare community centers. The intervention study was carried out on a weekly basis during each of 5 weeks, and each session lasted about 35 or 40 minutes. The effectiveness of the program was assessed with a questionnaire before and after education. Education program consisted of a 5 week program, and topics were 'Dietary changes for the elderly's healthy life', 'Prevention of food poisoning in everyday life', 'Safe food handling for my health', 'Healthy dietary life to prevent chronic disease', and 'Safety! nutrition! healthy dietary life'. Education program materials such as slides, handouts, videos, leaflet, and booklets were developed. As a result, there were score improvements in knowledge, dietary behaviors, and health belief after intervention in the intervention group, which were higher than those of the control group. In particular, there was a meaningful interrelation between dietary behavior and health belief (r=0.520, P<0.001). This finding suggests that changing beliefs is very important to make desirable dietary behavioral changes. For this reason, we can conclude HBM theory is an effective model to educate nutrition and food safety for the elderly. Furthermore, food safety and nutrition education programs are implemented and delivered continuously at various settings such as a health center or community welfare center, and those will contribute significantly to enhance perception and change their desirable dietary behaviors for the elderly.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1998

Purpose : With the development of stereotactic immobilization systems capable of reliable serial repositioning, fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) offers the Potential for an improved treatment outcome by excellent dose delivery, and dose distribution characteristics with the favorable radiobiological properties of fractionated irradiation. We describe our initial experience using FSRT for the treatment of intracranial benign tumor. Materials and Methods : Between August 1995 and December 1996. 15 patients(7 males and 8 females aged 6-70 years) were treated with FSRT. The patients had the following diagnosis pituitary adenoma(10) including one patient who previously had received radiotherapy, craniopharyngioma (2), acoustic neurinoma (1), meningioma (2). Using the Gill-Thomas-Cosman relocatable head frame and multiple non-coplanar therapy, the daily dose of 2Gy was irradiated at 90% to 100% isodose surface of the isocenter The collimator sizes ranged from 26mm to 70mm. Results : In all patients except one follow-up lost, disease was well-controlled. Acute complication was negligible and no patient experienced cranial nerve neuropathies and radiation necrosis. In overall patient setup with scalp measurements, reproducibility was found to have mean of $1.1{\pm}0.6mm$ from the baseline reading. Conclusion : Relocatable stereotactic system for FSRT is highly reproducible and comfortable. Although the follow-up period was relatively short. FSRT is considered to be a safe and effective radiation technique as the treatment of intracranial tumor. But the fractionation schedule(fraction size, overall treatment time and total dose) still remains to be solved by further clinical trials.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.50-58
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• 2014

Due to the cost burden of new construction, the necessity of repair and retrofitting of aged structures is sharply increasing as the domain of repair and retrofitting construction is expanding. Because of the necessity, new technologies for repair and retrofitting are continuously studied in Korea and foreign countries. Steel adhesive method, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) surface adhesive method, and external prestressing method are used to perform the repair and retrofitting works in Korea. In order to consider a repair method using steel mesh reinforced cement mortar (SMCM), 3-point flexural member test was conducted considering repair area and layer number of SMCM. Five types of specimens including ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) specimen with dimensions of $1400{\times}500{\times}200$ (mm) were cast for testing the deflection measurement, a LVDT was installed at the top center of the specimens. Also, a steel strain gauge and a concrete strain gauge were placed at the center of the specimens. A steel strain gauge was also installed on the shear reinforcement. The 3 point flexural member test results showed that the maximum load of SMCM reinforced specimen was higher than that of basic RC specimen in all of the load-displacement curves. Also, the results showed that, when the whole lower part of the basic RC specimen was reinforced, the maximum load and strain were 1.18 and 1.37 times higher than that of the basic RC specimen, respectively. Each specimen showed a slightly different failure behavior where the difference of the results was caused by the difference in the adhesive level between SMCM and RC. Particularly, in SM-B1 specimen, SMCM spalled off during the experiment. This failure behavior showed that the adhesive performance for RC must be improved in order to utilize SMCM as repair and retrofitting material.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.318-324
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• 2015

Purpose: This study compared shear bond strengths of five self-adhesive cements with phosphate monomer to zirconium oxide ceramic with and without airborn particle abrasion. Materials and methods: One hundred zirconia samples were air-abraded ($50{\mu}mAl_2O_3$). One hundred composite resin cylinders were fabricated. Composite cylinders were bonded to the zirconia samples with either Permacem 2.0 (P), $Clearfil^{TM}$ SA Luting (C), $Multilink^{(R)}$ Speed (M), $RelyX^{TM}$ U200 Automix (R), G-Cem $LinkAce^{TM}$ (G). All bonded specimens were stored in distilled water ($37^{\circ}C$) for 24 h and half of them were additionally aged by thermocycling ($5^{\circ}C$, $55^{\circ}C$, 5,000 times). The bonded specimens were loaded in shear force until fracture (1 mm/min) by using Universal Testing Machine (Model 4201, Instron Co, Canton, MA, USA). The failure sites were inspected under field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The data was analyzed with ANOVA, Tukey HSD post-hoc test and paired samples t-test ($\alpha$=.05). Results: Before and after thermocycling, $Multilink^{(R)}$ Speed (M) revealed higher shear-bond strength than the other cements. G-Cem $LinkAce^{TM}$ (G) showed significantly lower bond strengths after thermocycling than before treatment (P<.05), but the other groups were not significantly different (P>.05). Conclusion: Most self-adhesive cements with phosphate monomer showed high shear bond strength with zirconia ceramic and weren't influenced by thermocycling, so they seem to valuable to zirconia ceramic bonding.