• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2018

This study was performed to compare medium characteristics during the composting stage for medium turning performed using an excavator agitator and a prototype medium turner in button mushroom cultivation. The changes in temperature in the medium did not significantly differ between the treatments until the 3rd turn performed using the excavator agitator. However, during the 4th and 5th turns, the temperature increased during turning with the prototype medium turner. During outdoor composting, various types of microorganisms such as thermophilic bacteria (Bacillus spp.), Actinomycetes, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., and filamentous fungi were found to be distributed in the medium. The counts of aerobic bacteria and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. did not significantly differ between treatments, and the counts of thermophilic bacteria and thermophilic actinomycetes were slightly higher during turning with the prototype medium turner. The rice straw was slightly shorter and water content lower for the prototype medium turner. There was no significant difference between pH and EC treatments. The L, a, and b values tended to increase on turning with the prototype medium turner.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of the medium used on the composting step, comparing the excavator agitator with the self-propelled turner. The temperature of the outdoor composting medium tended to increase rapidly after flipping in the turner. The late composting medium temperature was maintained at the excavator treatment area (farm practice), and the late composting effect progressed. During the field composting stage, various microorganisms such as Bacillus spp., Actinomycetes, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., and filamentous fungi were distributed in the medium, and the density of aerobic bacteria involved in the decomposition of the medium was increased. Under high-temperature composting conditions, blue fungi, and mesophilic actinomycetes were inhibited or killed. Thermophilic actinomycetes, which play an important role in decomposing organic matter, showed higher densities than those observed in farm practices in the self-propelled turner process. The length of rice straw was slightly shorter when the self-propelled turner was used, and the water content did not show any significant difference between treatments. The a and b values tended to increase as the inverter was turned over. The CN ratio of the composting broth was lowered from 23.1 to 16.2 for the 5th turnover in the context of farming practices, and from 23.3 to 16.9 in the context of the self-propelled turner. The yield of each treatment was increased by 20% in 1 period, 28% in 2 periods, and 26% in 3 periods; the overall yield was 23%.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2014

Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas tolaasii is the causal agent of brown blotch disease of commercial mushrooms. Pseudomonas sp. HC1 is a potent biological control agent to control brown blotch disease caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii. This can markedly reduce the level of extracellular toxins (i.e., tolaasins) produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii, the most destructive pathogen of cultivated mushrooms. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of the Pseudomonas sp. HC1, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 5.0 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth of tolaasin inhibitor bacterium was determined as follows: 0.9% dextrin, 1.5% yest extract, 0.5% $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, 4mM $FeCl_3$, and 3.0% cysteine.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

Some of thermophilic fungi which has growth-promoting effect on Pleurotus ostreatus were isolated from compost during high temperature fermentation process. The temperature optima of 7 isolated thermophilic fungi were $50^{\circ}C$ on PDA media. Isolated strains S-1 and S-2 have the best mycelial growing rate, so these isolates were expected as excellent thermophilic fungi for high temperature composting and mycelial growing of oyster mushroom. In liquid culture, the optimal pH of thermophilic fungi observed variously, pH 7.0-10.0 but most of thermophilic fungi grow well in pH 8.0-pH 9.0 and the final pH of media after cultured was done pH 5.5-6.0. In liquid culture of thermophilic fungi on the optimal condition, S-2 have the best mycelial growing rate. The growing rate of thermophilic fungi S-1, S-2, S-5, and S-10 on lignocellulosic substrates was good but Humicola grisea var. thermoidea, well know thermophilic fungi which has growth-promoting effect on Agaricus bisporus, was poor and which was well grown on PDA at $50^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0. Isolated strain S-1 was identified as Trichophyton sp. and other 6 strains were identified as Sepedonium sp. by morphological characteristics.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.69-76
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• 1991

Recent epidemiological observations suggested beneficial effects of dietary fiber on man's health. The obsective of this study was to obtain the dietary fiber reference data of mushrooms. The dietary fiber contents of six different mushrooms (Cornellus edodes, Auricularia auriculajudae, Gyrophora esculanta, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Collybia velutipes) were analyzed by Southgate method, modified neutral detergent fiber (NDF) method and Food Research Institute (FRI) method. Duplicate sample were used for each determination. The mean values of total dietary fiber by Southgate method, modified NDF method and FRI method were respectively $20.08\pm1.45g$/100g dry weight, $20.24\pm1.85g$/100g dry weight and $21.5\pm2.70g$/100g dry weight. The mean values of all mushroom samples by FRI method were significantly different from the mean values of the samples by modified NDF method and Southgate method. However, there was no difference in the mean values of the samples between modified NDF method and Southgate method. By Southgate method, total dietary fiber of mushrooms composed of 1.7-3.1% soluble fiber, 47.0-66.6% hemicellulose, 28.4-57.7% cellulose and 0.9-3.3% lignin. By modified NDF method, total dietary fiber of mushrooms composed of 61.8-79.1% hemicellulose, 5.4-32.9% cellulose and 4.5- l5.5% lignin. Therefore, dietary fiber contents of mushrooms were mainly hemicellulose. Our values for total dietary fiber for six mushrooms were 2~4 times higher than crude fiber in textbook.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1973

Among the factors which affect the mushroom yield, this investigation was aimed to confim the relationship between nitrogen content of rice straw compost and crop yield, residual ammonia content and yield. In this investigation the nitrogen content in dry weight of compost ranged from 1.10 to 2.06% and the residual ammonia content between 0.01 and 0.8% at spawning according to the sources of organic or inorganic nitrogen and the formulas of compost materials. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The relationship between nitrogen content of rice straw compost and mushroom yield was represented by the formula: y=13.95+0.048$(r=0.68^{**})$. 2. Nitrogen content and mushroom yield of compost supplemented with organic nitrogen sources were increased as compared with control or inorganic treatments. 3. The relationship between the residual ammonia content and mushroom yield is represented by the formula: $y=0.38086-0.011948+0.00012x^2(r=-0.75^{**})$. In order to obtain high cropping yield the residual ammonia content at spawning should be below 0.03% (expressed as nitrogen content). 4. Application of ammonium sulfate increased the nitrogen content of compost slightly, but the residual ammonia content was increased considerably and yield decreased. On the other hand, the residual ammonia content of urea treatment was low and increased mushroom yield remarkably.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to development the waxed rice straw pulp tray(WRSPT) which had low water sensitivity. The quality changes of mushrooms(Agaricus bisporus) packaged respectively in the WRSPT, non-treated rice straw pulp tray(NRSPT) and expanded polystyrene tray(EPST) were observed during storage. The weight losses of mushrooms in the WRSPTs were less than in the NRSPTs by maintaining below 3% at $0^{\circ}C$ and the applications of WRSPTs were more effective at $20^{\circ}C$. The weight increases of WRSPTs were more lowered than those of NRSPTs by marking below 15% during storage at $0^{\circ}C$. There were no significant differences in the Hunter L values and hardness values of mushrooms in the three types of trays at $0^{\circ}C$. The cap openings of mushrooms were more proceeded in NRSPTs than in WRSPTs and EPSTs at $20^{\circ}C$. As a result, it may be favorable to control excessive moisture absorption of the NRSPT mainly composed of cellulose pulp by introducing such chemical treatments as wax treatment.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.250-256
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• 2018

The windrow turner, widely used for outdoor fermentation of mushrooms in Europe, has been improved by using rice straw instead of wheat straw in accordance with Korea's actual situation. It was compared with conventional excavator work, and the results were as follows. Agitation performance was $81m^3/hr$, which was 2.8 times higher than $28.6m^3/hr$ of excavator. As a result of the temperature distribution in the pile at the end of the fermentation stage, it was found that the temperature at the lower part of the pile was $5^{\circ}C$ higher than that of conventional pile. This was more favorable for aerobic fermentation. Meanwhile, ash ratio of prototype ($30.9{\pm}1.1%$) was higher than that of control $28.4{\pm}1.6%$. In the case of prototype turner agitation, the yield of mushroom cultivation was $880kg/66m^2$, that was 22.9% higher than the conventional control yield of $716kg/66m^2$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.488-494
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• 2018

To ensure food-safety of mushrooms from radioactive contamination, edible mushroom samples distributed in Gyeonggi province in Korea were collected according to species and country of origin. A total of 284 mushrooms, belonging to 10 species (Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, Phellinus linteus, Inonotus Obliquus (Chaga), Auricularia auricula-judae, Ganoderma lucidum and Tricholoma matsutake) were subjected to radioactivity testing. The concentration of artificial radionuclides, 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs, was analyzed using gamma-ray spectrometry. 131I and 134Cs were not detected more than MDA value from all samples. Among 204 domestic mushrooms, however, 137Cs were detected in 0.21~2.58 Bq/kg from six cases (3 Lentinula edodes, 1 Ganoderma lucidum and 2 Tricholoma matsutake), whereas 137Cs were detected in 0.21~53.79 Bq/kg from 38 cases (22 Inonotus Obliquus(Chaga), 14 Phellinus linteus, 1 Lentinula edodes and 1 Tricholoma matsutake) among 80 imported mushrooms. In addition, average concentration of 137Cs in 10 Chaga mushroom-processed products was more than twice as much as dried Chaga mushroom, and maximum concentration was 123.79 Bq/kg. Results suggest that radioactivity monitoring system for imported mushrooms and mushroom-processed products should be continuously intensified to secure food-safety in Korea.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2022

As the importance of public health increases with the spread of infectious diseases, functionality has become a factor affecting consumers' purchase of mushrooms. Therefore, the bioactive components of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), which are generally known to promote button mushroom consumption, were analyzed. White and brown button mushrooms were compared and white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) were used as a control. White button mushrooms had higher sugar and inorganic potassium concentrations than brown button mushrooms, whereas sodium, magnesium, and vitamin C concentrations were not significantly different between the different button mushrooms. Moreover, there was approximately twice as much ergosterol in white button mushrooms than brown button mushrooms. Brown button mushrooms had higher concentrations of 𝛽-glucan and oxalic acid than white button mushrooms, but there was no significant difference in total organic acid content between the two mushroom types. High concentrations of the essential amino acids, ergothioneine, isoleucine, and leucine and the non-essential amino acids, glycine and alanine, were observed. Concentrations of the vitamin B group and total polyphenols were also high.