• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 2010

Size-segregated number concentration and scattering coefficient of urban aerosols were measured using an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer) and a nephelometer, respectively in Seoul, Korea, during the winter season of 2003. The average number concentrations of ultrafine particles (20~100 nm) and accumulation mode particles (100~600 nm) were $2,170\;particles\;cm^{-3}$ and $1,521\;particles\;cm^{-3}$, respectively. The scattering coefficient at the wavelength of 550 nm ranged from $62.6Mm^{-1}$ to $330.1Mm^{-1}$ and average value was $163.4Mm^{-1}$. The peak concentrations of ultrafine particles and accumulation mode particles were simultaneously recorded between 6:00 and 9:00 A.M., indicating the effect of vehicle emissions which are major air pollution sources in the urban atmosphere. On average, the number concentration of ultrafine particles was 1.4 times higher than that of accumulation mode particles, although it was a little higher during the morning peak time. The variation of aerosol scattering coefficient was in good agreement with that of accumulation mode particle number concentration rather than that of ultrafine particle number concentration.g coefficient was in good agreement with that of accumulation mode particle number concentration rather than that of ultrafine particle number concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2013

Aerosol characterization study for individual particle in Busan metropolitan industrial complex was carried out from December 2010 to August 2011. SEM(scanning electron microscope)-EDX(energy dispersive x-ray) analysis was used for the analysis of 600 single particles during the sampling periods to identify non-metallic aerosol particle sources. Average $PM_{10}$ concentration was 65.5 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in summer, 104.1 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in winter during the sample periods. And Average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was 24.5 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in summer, 64.5 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in winter individually. Particle density, enrichment factor, correlation analysis, principle component analysis were performed based on chemical composition data. Particle density distribution was measured to 2~4 $g/cm^3$, and the density of $PM_{2.5}$ was measured above 3 $g/cm^3$. In general, the elements Si, Ca, Fe and Al concentrations were higher in all samples of individual particles. The non-ferrous elements Zn, Br, Pb, Cu concentrations were higher in summer than in winter. The concentrations were not changed with the seasons because of non-ferrous industry emission pattern.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2004

The subway play an important part in serious traffic problems. However, because subway system is a closed environment, many serious air pollution problems occurred in subway stations and injured passenger's health. Therefor, it is a necessary to identify sources and to estimate pollutant sources in order to protect passenger's health and to keep clean subway environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze a air quality in the subway stations and to apply a new receptor methodology for quantitatively estimate of PM10 sources. In this study, the size distributions of particulate matters has been measured by using Aerosizer LD (U.S.A., API, Inc.). It's real time measurement capability of time-of-flight technique offers a significant advantage of user convenience and air pollution management. Also, the mass concentrations of PM 10 has been measured by using mini-vol portable sampler (U.S.A., Airmetrics Co.). The sampling performed in Seoul subway stations during the period of February 2000 and April 2000. The number distribution data used in this study consisted of 26 raw data sets in the Jongno-sam-ga station. Correlation Analysis can be used in subway stations for source separation and identification. Then, number contribution from each source is determined by the particle number balance (PNB). The mass concentration data used in this study consisted of 31 raw data in the 8 different stations. The mass contributions of PM10 sources in the concourse by using PMF/CMB model.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.279-290
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• 1995

Recently in Korea, due to the significant drop of lead and bromine levels as a marker of autoemission source in the urban areas, the conventional application of receptor methods has many difficulties to properly apportion mass contribution of some sources. It is then needed to urgently develop alternative source profiles and identify new emission markers. Thus, the study has extensively examined the results obtained from using PAHs and elemental data for receptor modeling and has provided an opportunity to identify alternative source compositions and to determine a proper number of the ambient emission sources in Seoul area. The purpose of the study is to identify the sources of PM-10 and to estimate their mass contributions in Seoul area. Thus, a receptor model, target transformation factor analysis(TTFA) has been massively applied. The TTFA offers the possibility of determining the number of sources and their mass contributions. The input data used in this study are composed of two separate sets: fine (d$_{p}$ < 2.5.mu.m) and coarse (2.5.mu.m < d$_{p}$ < 10.mu.m) mode aerosol samples. Each sample was simultaneously collected by a PM-10 dichotomous sampler during the daytime(8 AM to 8 PM) and the nighttime(8 PM to 8 AM) from February to October 1993 on the Sungdong-Gu, Seoul. All the samples were analyzed to determine the levels of 10 inorganic elements by an XRF system as well as 14 PAHs by a HPLC. However, only 8 inorganic elements and 7 PAHs were used for the various statistical analysis.sis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.339-340
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• 2007

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.91-106
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• 2021

Daily PM_2.5 was collected during summer period in 2020 in Gwangju to investigate its chemical and light absorption properties. In addition, real-time light absorption coefficients were observed using a dual-spot 7-wavelength aethalometer. During the study period, SO₄^2- was the most important contributor to PM_2.5, accounting for on average 33% (10-64%) of PM_2.5. The chemical form of SO₄^2- was appeared to be combination of 70% (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 30% NH₄HSO₄. Concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis indicated that SO₄^2- particles were dominated by local pollution, rather than regional transport from China. A combination of aethalometer-based and water-extracted brown carbon (BrC) absorption indicated that light absorption of BrC due to aerosol particles was 1.6 times higher than that due to water-soluble BrC, but the opposite result was found in absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values. Lower AAE value by aerosol BrC particles was due to the light absorption of aerosol BrC by both water-soluble and insoluble organic aerosols. The BrC light absorption was also influenced by both primary sources (e.g., traffic and biomass burning emissions) and secondary organic aerosol formation. Finally the ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of NH₄⁺, C-H groups, SO₄^2-, and HSO₄^2-. The presence of HSO₄^2- supports the result of the estimated composition ratio of inorganic sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) and bisulfate (NH₄HSO₄).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.719-731
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• 2003

In order to maintain and manage ambient air quality, it is necessary to identify sources and to apportion its sources for ambient particulate matters. The receptor methods were one of the statistical methods to achieve reasonable air pollution strategies. Also, receptor methods, a field of chemometrics, is based on manifold applied statistics and is a statistical methodology that analyzes the physicochemical properties of gaseous and particulate pollutant on various atmospheric receptors, identifies the sources of air pollutants, and quantifies the apportionment of the sources to the receptors. The objective of this study was 1) after obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources of air at the study area were qualitatively identified and the contributions of each source were quantitatively estimated as well. 2) finally efficient air pollution management and control strategies of each source were suggested. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols, the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided quantitative source contributions (scaled G matrix) and source profiles (scaled F matrix). The results of the PMF modeling showed that the sources were apportioned by secondary aerosol related source 28.8 ％, soil related source 16.8％, waste incineration source 11.5%, field burning source 11.0%, fossil fuel combustion source 10%, industry related source 8.3％, motor vehicle source 7.9%, oil/coal combustion source 4.4％, non-ferrous metal source 0.3％. and aged sea- salt source 0.2％, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2002

Various air pollutants were measured at Tokchok Island in the Yellow Sea that is about 50 km distant from Incheon since April 1999. This study was undertaken to help understanding the level of air pollution and its distribution characteristics over the Yellow Sea. The geographical characteristics of the air pollution monitoring station and emission inventories of Tokchok Island are introduced. The mass concentrations and chemical compositions of TSP and P $M_{2.5}$ measured until March 2000 are discussed in this paper. The overall average mass concentrations are about 37.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ for TSP and 18.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ for P $M_{2.5}$ , respectively, which are similar to or a little lower than the values observed in other background sites at Kangwha and Taean. However, they are much lower than those observed at Qingdao in China. The low mass concentration and major anthropogenic ion concentrations in aerosols collected at Tokchok Island show that local sources are not dominant at Tokchok Island. The estimated average fractions of anthropogenic non-sea-salt sulfate to the total sulfate concentration of TSP and P $M_{2.5}$ are greater than 80% for both sizes. It hence suggests that the sulfate be mainly affected by anthropogenic sources. If we consider the average mass ratio of P $M_{2.5}$ to TSP, the mass fractions of anthropogenic species to P $M_{2.5}$ , and the molar ratio of nss S $O_4$$^{2-}$ to total N $O_{3-}$, it may be possible to infer that a part of anthropogenic species measured at Tokchok Island be transported from China. The characteristics of neutralization of nss S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and the particle size of major ions are also discussed.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.119-130
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• 2014

Home is a major living environment of children. In urban area, indoor air at home could be severely influenced by combustion sources such as vehicle exhaust and cooking. In this work, the air quality of a high-rise apartment was investigated by monitoring combustion-related air pollutants at both indoor and outdoor in winter of 2014. From 48-h continuous monitoring data, large amount of $NO_x$ was observed at the balcony of the high-rise apartment during the morning traffic hours. It deteriorated indoor air quality of the apartment. During the cooking activity, high peak episodes of ultrafine particles were seen. It was concluded that effects of vehicle exhaust and cooking activity on the indoor air of the high-rise apartment could be easily checked by $NO_x$ and ultrafine particle indicators, respectively.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.159-171
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• 2019

The cap-and-trade system against the air pollutants in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea has been implemented since 2008 and will be implemented other areas in Korea on 2020. In this study, to identify the outcome and effectiveness of the cap-and-trade system in the SMA, (1) the rate of change for NOx and SOx emissions, (2) differences between the real emission and allocated amount, and (3) the status of trading are reviewed. It was found that the NOx and SOx emissions from the sources under the cap-and-trade system decreased in the SMA but the reduction was mainly due to the reduction of fuel usage not related to the system. It was found that the average percentage of annual emission in the SMA to the allocated amount between 2008 and 2018 was 66.9% for NOx and 69.3% for SOx, respectively. It suggests that there was over allocation of the emission amounts. The average trading prices in the SMA were 0.193 $/kg for NOx and 0.128 $/kg for SOx, far lower than those in RECLAIM, 131.942 $/kg and 81.677 $/kg, respectively. It was suggested that (1) the cap system for NOx and SOx emissions should be implemented only for the area with high emission ratio from large point sources, (2) the trade system is not suitable for the effective implementation of the cap system, and (3) Korean government should not allow over allocation in order to ensure sound market function without delaying the introduction of technology.