• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2008

In this study, it was estimated efficiency of GPS/INS photogrammetry by comparison of accuracy and economical efficiency between conventional aerial triangulation and GPS/INS aerial triangulation at the base of large scale digital mapping using GPS/INS aerial survey. The results of aerial triangulation with GPS/INS showed that 40% of working amount was reduced in the process of ground control point survey compared to conventional aerial triangulation. In case of 1/5000 scale aerial triangulation, the results showed that 55% GCP work was reduced in 10 and 20 block size, and 60% GCP work was reduced in 30 block size, under the assumption of keeping the same accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.349-356
• /
• 2016

This study investigates two camera self-calibration approaches, on-site self-calibration and laboratorial self-calibration, both of which are based on self-calibration theory and implemented by using a commercial photogrammetric solution, Agisoft PhotoScan. On-site self-calibration implements camera self-calibration and aerial triangulation by using the same aerial photos. Laboratorial self-calibration implements camera self-calibration by using photos captured onto a patterned target displayed on a digital panel, then conducts aerial triangulation by using the aerial photos. Aerial photos are captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle, and target photos are captured onto a 27in LCD monitor and a 47in LCD TV in two experiments. Calibration parameters are estimated by the two approaches and errors of aerial triangulation are analyzed. Results reveal that on-site self-calibration excels laboratorial self-calibration in terms of vertical accuracy. By contrast, laboratorial self-calibration obtains better horizontal accuracy if photos are captured at a greater distance from the target by using a larger display panel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.249-260
• /
• 2009

The georeferencing accuracy of the sensory data acquired by an aerial monitoring system heavily depends on the performance of the GPS/IMU mounted on the system. The employment of a high performance but expensive GPS/IMU unit causes to increase the developmental cost of the overall system. In this study, we simulate the images and GPS/IMU data acquired by an UAV-based aerial monitoring system using an inexpensive integrated GPS/IMU of a MEMS type, and perform the image georeferencing by applying the aerial triangulation to the simulated sensory data without any GCP. The image georeferencing results are then analyzed to assess the accuracy of the estimated exterior orientation parameters of the images and ground points coordinates. The analysis indicates that the RMSEs of the exterior orientation parameters and ground point coordinates is significantly decreased by about 90% in comparison with those resulted from the direct georeferencing without the aerial triangulation. From this study, we confirmed the high possibility to develop a low-cost real-time aerial monitoring system.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 2009.03a
• /
• pp.61-65
• /
• 2009

매년 재난/재해의 발생 빈도와 피해 규모가 증가하고 있다. 그 피해를 최소화하기 위해 주기적인 모니터링을 수행하여 위기 상황을 사전에 대비하고 긴급 대응 체계를 구축하여 상황 발생 시 피해 상황을 신속하게 파악할 수시스템에 있어야 한다. 모니터링의 용이성과 신속성을 확보하기 위해 UAV에 기반한 긴급 매핑 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 시스템으로부터 획득된 센서 데이터가 Georeferencing되었을 때 이로부터 다양한 공간 정보를 도출할 수 있다 본 논문에서는 UAV 기반의 매핑 시스템으로부터 획득된 센서 데이터를 시뮬레이션 해보고 시뮬레이션 데이터에 대하여 Aerial Triangulation을 수행하여 영상을 Georeferncing하고 위치/자세 정보를 보정하고자 한다. 실험은 (1) 시뮬레이션 데이터 생성, (2) 초기값 생성, (3) AT 수행을 통한 위치/자세 조정의 3단계로 구성된다. 800m 길이의 1개 스트립, 500m 길이의 2개 스트립으로 나눠 비행경로를 정하고 200m, 400m, 600m의 비행고도에 대하여 다양한 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 위치/자세의 초기값 RMSE에서 90% 이상 개선된 RMSE를 얻을 수 있었으며, 비행고도가 높아질수록 RMSE의 향상도는 반비례하였다. 향후에는 Sequential 알고리즘을 적용하여 연산 속도를 향상시킬 수 있고 궁극적으로 실시간 영상 Georeferencing을 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.663-670
• /
• 2020

In the present study, we assessed the accuracy of aerial triangulation using a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) capable of network RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) survey in a disaster situation that may occur in a semi-urban area mixed with buildings. For a reliable survey of check points, they were installed on the roofs of buildings, and static GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) survey was conducted for more than four hours. For objective accuracy assessment, coded aerial targets were installed on the check points to be automatically recognized by software. At the instance of image acquisition, the 3D coordinates of the UAV camera were measured using VRS (Virtual Reference Station) method, as a kind of network RTK survey, and the 3-axial angles were achieved using IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) and gimbal rotation measurement. As a result of estimation and update of the interior and exterior orientation parameters using Agisoft Metashape, the 3D RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of aerial triangulation ranged from 0.153 m to 0.102 m according to the combination of the image overlap and the angle of the image acquisition. To get higher aerial triangulation accuracy, it was proved to be effective to incorporate oblique images, though it is common to increase the overlap of vertical images. Therefore, to conduct a UAV mapping in an urgent disaster site, it is necessary to acquire oblique images together rather than improving image overlap.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 2009

Nowadays, as going to information society based knowledge, the informations are acquired, processed, serviced based digital environment. In surveying field, the trend have been changed from the analog foundation to the digital foundation. Also, aerial photogrammetry is being changed from analog aerial photogrammetry to digital aerial photogrammetry. In this paper, the analysis of accuracy is performed for the comparison of traditional aerial photogrammetry with digital aerial photogrammetry usign UltracamX in AT and Block Adjustment. As the results, Bundle adjustment in digital aerial photogrammetry with GPS/INS have more advantages than traditional independent adjustment in analog aerial photogrammetry. Digital aerial photogrammetry contributes the higher accuracy in AT and block adjustment more than analog aerial photogrammetry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.669-678
• /
• 2009

Real-time image georeferencing technologies are required to generate spatial information promptly from the image sequences acquired by a multi-sensor system. We thus derive a sequential adjustment algorithm based on the combined adjustment model. By adopting the sequential adjustment model, we develop a sequential AT(Aerial Triangulation) algorithm to georeference image sequences in real-time. The proposed algorithm enables to perform AT rapidly with the minimum computation at the current stage by using the results computed at the previous stage whenever a new image is added. Experiments with simulated data were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results of the experiments show that the georeferencing of each image took very short time and its accuracy was determined within ${\pm}4cm$ on the ground control points comparing to the results of the existing simultaneous AT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.527-534
• /
• 2011

This paper describes an analysis of topographical changes to the Eulsuk-Island at the Nakdong River Estuary using a long-term dataset of high resolution aerial images from 1983 to 2007. Ground control surveying was performed at some feature points using GPS(Global Positioning System) to accomplish AT(Aerial Triangulation) for past aerial images. Even if some still existing feature points appeared on old aerial images were used as GCPs(Ground Control Points) for past aerial images in AT, its accuracy reached at 1m level. Since then, a quantitative analysis of topographical changes was conducted on digital orthophotos produced by a series of aerial images taken by different years. The change volume of total area, construction, vegetation, buildings and roads could be extracted per each period in study area. The total area decreased from 1983 to 1992, but it has not almost changed since 1992. According to the continuous development, the area of vegetation has steadily decreased, while that of buildings and roads has generally increased. The result of this study can provide us with invaluable base data for further topographical change monitoring in Eulsuk-Island and Nakdong River estuary caused by continuous development in this area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.531-537
• /
• 2010

Real-time Aerial Monitoring System performs the rapid mapping in an emergency situation so that the geoinformation could be constructed in near real time. In this system, the position and attitude information from GPS/INS integration algorithm is used to perform the aerial triangulation(AT) without GCPs. Therefore, if we obtain Exterior Orientation(EO) estimates from AT sequentially, EO are used as the measurements in the Kalman filter. In this study, we simulate the GPS/IMS/Image data for an UAV-based aerial monitoring system and compare the GPS/INS/AT with and without from AT. Comparative analysis showed that result from the GPS/INS/AT with EO update is more accurate than without the update. However, when the vehicle turns, the position error significantly increases which need more analysis in the future.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.477-486
• /
• 2013

To analyze tendency of temporal and spatial change of shorelines and to estimate rate of shoreline changes using long-term shoreline change data is very important for the coastal environmental management. In this study, investigation was conducted to estimate the rate of shoreline changes using long-term shoreline change data from the year 1985 to 2009 aerial photographs. In this process aerial triangulation, GPS surveying and digital mapping was done for the estimation of changes. As the results, shorelines of Bangpo and Kkotji Beach retreated at a maximum rate of 0.2 m/yr and 0.8 m/yr, respectively. The shoreline could be changed by various factors. However, it was presumed that coastal erosion has been mainly affected by retaining wall constructed in the late 1990s.