• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1233-1239
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• 2016

This study aimed to evaluate changes in the TN and TP removal efficiencies, depending on whether or not a settling process is applied, in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process with a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Nutrient removal was considered in terms of developing an advanced water treatment system for ships in accordance with water quality standards set forth by 227(64). For these purposes, the TN and TP concentrations in the inflow and outflow water were measured to calculate the TN and TP removal efficiencies, depending on whether or not a settling process was used. Water discharged from a bathroom, which was constructed for the experiment, was used as the raw water. The experiment that included a settling process was conducted twice, and the operating conditions were: aeration for 90 min, settling for 30 min, agitation for 15 min, and settling for 15 min for one experiment; and aeration for 150 min, settling for 45 min, agitation for 15 min, and settling for 15 min in the other. Operating conditions for the experiment that did not include a settling process were: aeration for 180 min and agitation for 60 min. The concentration of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was 3,500 mg/L, while the aeration rate was 121 L/min and the water production rate was 1.5 L/min. For the two experiments where a settling process was applied, the average TN removal efficiencies were 44.39% and 41.05%, and the average TP removal efficiencies were 47.85% and 46.04%. For the experiment in which a settling process was not applied, the average TN removal efficiency was 65.51%, and the average TP removal efficiency was 52.51%. Although the final nutrient levels did not satisfy the water quality standards of MEPC 227(64), the TN and TP removal efficiencies were higher when a settling process was not applied.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2007

This study aims to develop a sulfur-using denitrification process which is possible a renovation to advanced treatment plant submerging a simple module in activated sludge aeration tank. At first, the impact factor of sulfur-using denitrification was appreciated by the batch test. Secondly, reflecting a dissolved oxygen effect of sulfur-using denitrification that was confirmed by the batch test, in a continuous nitrification/sulfur-using denitrification, high-rate nitrogen removal reaction was induced at optimum condition controlling DO concentration according to phases. Also, inside and outside of sulfur-using denitrification module was covered with microfilter and the module was considered as an alternative of clarifier. Result of batch test for sulfur-using denitrification, $NO_2{^-}N$ was lower for consumption of alkalinity and sulfur than that of $NO_3{^-}-N$. These results revealed the accordance of theoretical prediction. In continuous nitrification/sulfur-using denitrification experiment, actual wastewater was used as a influent, and influent nitrogen loading rates were increased 0.04, 0.07, 0.11, $0.14kg\;N/m^3-day$ by changing hydraulic retention times. At this time, nitrogen loading rates of packed sulfur were increased 0.23, 0.46, 0.69, $0.93kg\;N/m^3-day$. As a result, nitrification efficiency was about 100% and denitrification efficiency was 93, 81, 79, 72%. Accordingly, nitrogen removal was a high-rate. Also the module of sulfur-using denitrification covered with microfilter did not make a fouling phenomena according to increased flux. And the module was achieved effluent suspended solids of below 10 mg/L without a clarifier. In conclusion, it is possible a renovation to advanced treatment plant submerging a simple module packed sulfur in activated sludge aeration tank of traditional facilities. And the plant used the module packed sulfur is expected as a effective facilities of high-rate and the smallest.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1445-1453
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• 2013

The scale-up criterion of constant oxygen mass transfer coefficient ($k_La$) was applied for the production of itaconic acid (IA) in a 50 L pilot-scale fermentor by the fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus. Various operating conditions were examined to collect as many $k_La$ data as possible by adjusting the stirring speed and aeration rate in both 5 L and 50 L fermentor systems. In the fermentations performed with the 5 L fermentor, the highest IA production was obtained under the operating conditions of 200 rpm and 1.5 vvm. Accordingly, we intended to find out parallel agitation and aeration rates in the 50 L fermentor system, under which the $k_La$ value measured was almost identical to that ($0.02sec^{-1}$) of the 5 L system. The conditions of 180 rpm and 0.5 vvm in the 50 L system turned out to be optimal for providing almost the same volumetric amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) into the fermentor, without causing shear damage to the producing cells due to excessive agitation. Practically identical fermentation physiologies were observed in both fermentations performed under those respective operating conditions, as demonstrated by nearly the same values of volumetric ($Q_p$) and specific ($q_p$) IA production rates, IA production yield ($Y_{p/s}$), and specific growth rate (${\mu}$). Specifically, the negligible difference of the specific growth rate (${\mu}$) between the two cultures (i.e., $0.029h^{-1}$ vs. $0.031h^{-1}$) was notable, considering the fact that ${\mu}$ normally has a significant influence on $q_p$ in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as itaconic acid.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2009

질산화 미생물은 환경조건에 대단히 민감하여 질산화 영향인자의 변화에 의하여 미생물의 성장과 활동이 좌우되고, 이에 의해 질산화 공정의 성공여부가 좌우된다. 질산화에 영향을 미치는 인자로는 배양온도, pH, 용존산소, 기질량, C/N비, 미생물량 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐수처리장의 활성슬러지를 이용하여 합성폐수의 질산화 공정에 미치는 인자들에 대한 연구를 수행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 고농도의 암모니아성 질소(100 mg/L 이상)를 함유한 경우에 있어서는 합성폐수의 pH가 초기 8에서 pH 6.8까지 감소하였다. 이는 질산화 과정을 통하여 아질산성 질소와 질산성 질소가 생성되어 합성폐수 중의 pH 변화를 가져온 것으로 판단된다. 질산화 공정에서 각각 초기 암모니아성 질소 농도, 공급공기량, 접종한 활성슬러지 양에 비례해서 일정구간에서는 암모니아성 질소의 제거속도가 증가하였다. 질산화 공정에서 C/N 비의 영향은 일정 C/N 비 범위에서는 탄소원이 존재할수록 초기에 암모니아성 질소의 제거율이 증진되는 결과를 얻었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1433-1442
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• 2010

Aureobasidium pullulans HP-2001 균주를 사용하여 풀루란을 대량 생산을 위하여 7 l 및 100 l 생물배양기를 사용하여 용존산소와 관련된 조건을 최적화하였다. 풀루란의 생산에 최적인 탄소원과 질소원은 각각 50.0 g/l 포도당 및 2.5 g/l 효모추출물이었으며 플라스크 규모에서의 풀루란 변환율은 37%이었다. 풀루란 생산 균주의 생장에 최적인 배지의 초기 pH 및 배양온도는 7.5 및 30oC이었으나 풀루란의 생산에 최적인 배지의 초기 pH 및 배양 온도는 각각 6.0 및 $25^{\circ}C$이었다. 7 l 생물배양기에서 Aureobasidium pullulans HP-2001 균주의 생육에 최적인 교반속도 및 통기량은 각각 600 rpm 및 2.0 vvm이었으나 풀루란 생산에 최적인 조건은 각각 500 rpm 및 1.0 vvm이었으며 최적 조건에서 풀루란의 생산농도는 18.13 g/l이었다. 100 l 생물배양기에서 풀루란 생산 균주의 생장에 최적인 내압은 0.0 kgf/$cm^2$이었으나, 풀루란 생산에 최적인 내압은 0.4 kgf/$cm^2$이었으며 최적 조건에서 풀루란의 생산 농도는 22.89 g/l이었다. 이는 내압이 없는 상태에 비하여 풀루란의 생산 농도가 1.38배 증가한 것이다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.91-101
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• 2000

휘발성 유기화합물 (VOCs)은 하수처리장, 위생 매립지, 자동차, 산업활동 등에서 주로 발생 되는데, 인간에게 독성 또는 발암성 물질로 작용하며 광화학 반응에 의해 오존 생성의 주역할을 하고 있다. 하수처리장의 VOCs의 배출량을 조사하기 위해, 미국 LA시의 Hyperion 하수처리장을 선택하여 배출되는 VOCs 의 종류와 Flux를 계산하여 측정값과 비교하였다. 조사결과, 하수와 관련이 있고 자동차 연소 혹은 해양의 공기와는 관련이 없는 화합물 (DCM, TCM, PCE, LIM, DCB, UND) 의 포기조 상공 바로 뒤의 풍하위치에서 이들 화합물의 농도는 풍상보다 최소 열 배 이상 높았다. 상대적으로 생분해가 늦거나 생분해가 되지 않는 화합물인 DCE, DCM, TCA, DCA, TCM, PCE, DCB의 측정 Flux는 포기조에 공급된 포기량, 헨리의 계수, 포기조내의 액상농도를 기초로 하여 계산된 Flux와 잘 일치하였다. PCE, DCE, TCA와 같은 화합물의 Flux비(측정/계산)는 거의 1이었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2006

세라믹 담체가 충진된(공극률 32％) 생물여과 반응기(BAF)를 이용하여 암모니아성 질소폐수를 처리할 때, 수리학적 체류시간(HRT) 및 폭기량의 변화가 아질산 축적에 미치는 영향에 대해서 고찰하였다. 암모니아성 합성 폐수 및 석유화학 실폐수를 $1.6kgNH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$ 내외의 질소 부하로 BAF에 공급하였을 때, 암모니아성 질소의 제거율은 폭기량 증가에 비례하였으나 아질산 축적률은 폭기량 외에도 HRT의 영향을 받았다. 0.23시간의 HRT에서(공탑 체류시간 기준 0.7시간)는 0.23, 0.45, 0.56 cm/s로 공기 선속도를 증가시키면, 암모니아성 질소 제거율은 각각 73, 90, 92％로 증가하였으나 아질산 축적비($NO_2-N/NO_x-N$)는 0.92, 0.82, 0.48로 점차 감소하였다. 반면에 HRT 0.9시간, 공기 선속도 0.34~0.45 cm/s 범위에서는 암모니아성 질소 제거율 89％, 아질산 축적비 0.13 내외로 아질산 축적률이 급격하게 감소하였다. 공기 선속도 0.34 cm/s, HRT 1.4시간에서는 암모니아성 질소 제거율의 감소로 free ammonia(FA, $NH_3-N$) 농도가 상승하였고, 이후 약 50일에 걸쳐 아질산 축적비는 0.95 이상까지 점차 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 HRT 0.23시간에서의 FA 농도 및 폭기 조건이 HRT 0.9시간 조건에 비해 아질산 축적에 더 불리했음에도 HRT 0.23시간에서의 아질산 축적률이 더 높게 나타났다. 따라서 FA 농도, 폭기 조건 외에도 HRT, 질소 부하 조건에 따라 BAF에서 아질산 축적량이 영향을 받았다. 반면에 FA 농도가 매우 높게(FA 5~15 mgN/L) 유지되는 조건에서는 운전 조건에 상관없이 아질산 축적이 안정하게 일어났으며 이 경우는 암모니아성 질소 제거율이 감소하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.479-483
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• 1999

Nitrifier consortium immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol was used for the removal of ammonia nitrogen from synthetic aquaculture water in the airlift bioreactor. At the aeration rate fo 0.15 vvm and bead packing volume fraction of 20%, airlift bioreactor was operated effectively for a removal of ammonia nitrogen and for a stability of operation. Ammonia nitrogen removal rate by airlift bioreactor was continuously increased with decreasing hydraulic residence time. At the HRT(hydraulic residence time) of 0.3 hour, ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 84.3 g/$m^3$.d and the highest ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 130.8 g/$m^3$.d when HRT was 0.1 hour.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.31-44
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• 1998

돈분 슬러리와 톱밥 혼합물을 퇴비화 급속(분해)과정의 파이로트 규모 반응조 성능 평가를 입증하기 위해 간헐통기법으로 퇴비화 처리했다. 계측은 퇴비온도, 산소와 탄산가스농도, 통기량 및 암모니아가스 배출 등의 측정으로 구성됐다. 퇴비화 급속과정의 암모니아 농도는 14일째에 수준이하(I)보다 최적수준(II)부근에서 신속하게 허용범위 34-40ppm 이내로 감소되어 짐을 알 수 있었다. 암모니아가스 저감에 있어서 수분(55-65%), 탄질비(20-40%), 수소이온농도(7-8%) 및 퇴비온도(<$60^{\circ}C$) 등의 최적수준 영향은 상업용 퇴비화에 무시 할 수 없었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2016

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has previously been used by water industry to treat high salinity wastewater. In this study, an anoxic-oxic biofilm-membrane bioreactor (AOB-MBR) system has been developed to treat mustard tuber wastewater of 10% salinity (calculated as NaCl). To figure out the effects of operating conditions of the AOB-MBR on membrane fouling rate ($K_V$), response surface methodology was used to evaluate the interaction effect of the three key operational parameters, namely time interval for pump (t), aeration intensity ($U_{Gr}$) and transmembrane pressure (TMP). The optimal condition for lowest membrane fouling rate ($K_V$) was obtained: time interval was 4.0 min, aeration intensity was $14.6 m^3/(m^2{\cdot}h)$ and transmembrane pressure was 19.0 kPa. And under this condition, the treatment efficiency with different influent loads, i.e. 1.0, 1.9 and $3.3kgCODm^{-3}d^{-1}$ was researched. When the reactor influent load was less than $1.9kgCODm^{-3}d^{-1}$, the effluent could meet the third discharge standard of "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard". This study suggests that the model fitted by response surface methodology can predict accurately membrane fouling rate within the specified design space. And it is feasible to apply the AOB-MBR in the pickled mustard tuber factory, achieving satisfying effluent quality.