• Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2018

Purpose: Radiocontrast media are widely used in medical imaging to improve diagnostic accuracy. However, studies on the adverse reactions of radiocontrast media in children are limited. We aimed to describe the characteristics of adverse reactions to radiocontrast media among children who had a computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging in a tertiary university hospital. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on adverse reactions to radiocontrast media by the reporting system of a tertiary university hospital. We selected data from children under the age of 19 from July 2011 to December 2017 and analyzed their characteristics. We focused mainly on the characteristics of the index case which is defined by the first adverse event of each subject. Results: During the period, a total of 88,050 radiocontrast media-enhanced imaging studies were performed and 184 cases of adverse reactions were reported. A total of 71 were identified as index cases. Forty-nine (69.0%) were male and the mean age was $12.7{\pm}3.2$ years. The incidence of radiocontrast media-related adverse reactions was 0.09% and severe reactions were 0.002%. The most common clinical feature was skin manifestations (54.9%), followed by gastrointestinal symptoms (40.8%) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (7.4%). Conclusion: Adverse reactions to radiocontrast media rarely occur in children and the incidence of severe reactions is low. Most reactions are mild and are related to the skin and gastrointestinal system. This report would provide good evidence for establishing a management strategy in children scheduled for imaging studies using radiocontrast media.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an inherent aspect of drug use. While approximately 80% of ADRs are predictable, immune system-mediated ADRs, often unpredictable, are a noteworthy subset. Skin-related ADRs, in particular, are frequently unpredictable. However, the wide spectrum of skin manifestations poses a formidable diagnostic challenge. Comprehending the pathomechanisms underlying ADRs is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management. The skin, being an active immune organ, plays a pivotal role in ADRs, although the precise cutaneous immunological mechanisms remain elusive. Fortunately, clinical manifestations of skin-related ADRs, irrespective of their severity, are frequently rooted in immunological processes. A comprehensive grasp of ADR morphology can aid in diagnosis. With the continuous development of new pharmaceuticals, it is noteworthy that certain drugs including immune checkpoint inhibitors have gained notoriety for their association with ADRs. This paper offers an overview of immunological mechanisms involved in cutaneous ADRs with a focus on clinical features and frequently implicated drugs.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.93-109
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding adverse drug reactions (ADR) of emergency medical services (EMS) students, so that suggestions for further education on ADR can be made. Methods: A survey on knowledge and attitude was created and modified according to Lee's and Kim's test tool. In total, 149 students' data were collected and compared with previous studies. Results: Knowledge of ADR was relatively low (54%) but attitude was relatively high (75%). Clinical experience was important in knowledge and attitude. Knowledge and attitude showed a positive correlation. Conclusion: Increased knowledge of ADR leads to a more active attitude towards it. Hence, modification of the education system to provide a more personalized education is required.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2017

Background: As personalized healthcare industry has attracted much attention, big data analysis of healthcare data is essential. Lots of healthcare data such as product labeling, biomedical literature and social media data are unstructured, extracting meaningful information from the unstructured text data are becoming important. In particular, text mining for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reports is able to provide signal information to predict and detect adverse drug reactions. There has been no study on text analysis of expert opinion on Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) databases in Korea. Methods: Expert opinion text of KAERS database provided by Korea Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management (KIDS-KD) are analyzed. To understand the whole text, word frequency analysis are performed, and to look for important keywords from the text TF-IDF weight analysis are performed. Also, related keywords with the important keywords are presented by calculating correlation coefficient. Results: Among total 90,522 reports, 120 insulin ADR report and 858 tramadol ADR report were analyzed. The ADRs such as dizziness, headache, vomiting, dyspepsia, and shock were ranked in order in the insulin data, while the ADR symptoms such as vomiting, 어지러움, dizziness, dyspepsia and constipation were ranked in order in the tramadol data as the most frequently used keywords. Conclusion: Using text mining of the expert opinion in KIDS-KD, frequently mentioned ADRs and medications are easily recovered. Text mining in ADRs research is able to play an important role in detecting signal information and prediction of ADRs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제78권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2015

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, and the incidence of TB cases has not significantly decreased over the past decade in Korea. The standard short course regimen is highly effective against TB, but requires multiple TB-specific drugs and a long treatment duration. Recent studies using late-generation fluoroquinolones and/or high-dose rifapentine-containing regimens to shorten the duration of TB treatment showed negative results. Extending the treatment duration may be considered in patients with cavitation on the initial chest radiograph and positivity in sputum culture at 2 months of treatment for preventing TB relapse. Current evidence does not support the use of fixed-dose combinations compared to separate drugs for the purpose of improving treatment outcomes. All patients receiving TB treatment should be monitored regularly for response to therapy, facilitation of treatment completion, and management of adverse drug reactions. Mild adverse effects can be managed with symptomatic therapy and changing the timing of the drug administration, but severe adverse effects require a discontinuation of the offending drugs.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2009

Contrast media are substances that are used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Those are commonly used to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to evaluate patients who got injected iopamidol, developed as one of contrast medium regarding changes in cardiovascular system and especially, adverse drug reactions. This study were performed on randomly selected a total of 51 patients (range of 15~85 years old) who got injected contrast medium, Iopamidol at a P hospital in Gyeonggi province from September 22nd, 2008 to January 24th, 2009. Data were collected by questionnaire though person to person. We analyzed the data by SPSS (Version 12. for windows). Methods of analysis were frequency and cross analysis. In results, 19.6% (n=10) were founded for adverse drug reactions of contrast medium. 25.0% (n=4) of 10 patients who had adverse drug reactions of contrast medium had took abdomen contrast test. 2 patients of those took contrast test for chest. Also, 3.9% (n=2) patients felt vomiting and nausea after injection of contrast medium. In conclusion, 19.6% patients experienced adverse drug reaction of contrast medium. Therefore, when taking radiation test, we should make efforts to minimize adverse drug reactions to achieve suitable and effective treatment.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between nurses' knowledge of adverse drug reactions (ADR), attitudes, and monitoring practices and to establish an effective ADR reporting system and provide baseline data for its activation. Methods: The participants in this study were chosen by convenience sampling and included 182 nurses working at major general hospitals that operate a Regional Drug Safety Center. Data were collected from June 1 to 12, 2015 and analyzed using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression with the SPSS program. Results: The nurses' average score for knowledge was 7.62 points, for attitude, 41.04 points and for monitoring practices, 34.22 points. ADR monitoring practices positively correlated with knowledge (r=.19, p=.011), attitude (r=.41, p<.001), drug performance competency (r=.54, p<.001), and drug education satisfaction (r=.54, p<.001). Drug performance competency, drug education satisfaction, and attitudes explained 42.0% of the ADR monitoring practices (Adj $R^2=.42$, F=43.95, p<.001). Conclusion: In order to facilitate and encourage nurses' voluntary monitoring practice of ADR, efforts must be made to create positive attitudes toward ADR, and to increase drug performance competency and drug education satisfaction.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2007

Rapid advances in pharmacogenomic research have provided important information to improve drug selection, to maximize drug efficacy, and to minimize drug adverse reaction. The SNPs that are the most abundant type of genetic variants have been proven as valid biomarkers to give information on the prediction of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of drugs based on genotype. In order to elucidate a correlation between SNPs of calcium channel encoding gene and adverse reactions of calcium channel blockers, we investigated SNPs in CACNA1C gene known as a binding site of calcium channel blocker. 96 patients with hypertension who had taken or are taking an antihypertensive drug, 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) were included for analysis. These patients were composed of 47 patients with adverse drug reactions (ADR) such as edema from calcium channel blockers and 49 patients without ADR as a control group. The exons encoding the drug binding sites were amplified by PCR using specific primers, and SNPs were analyzed by direct sequencing. We found that there was no SNP in the exons encoding DHP binding site, but four novel SNPs in the exon-intron junction region. However, four novel SNPs were not associated with the ADR of calcium channel blockers. In conclusion, this study showed that ADR from calcium channel blockers may not be caused by SNPs of the binding sites of calcium channel blockers in CACNA1C gene.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2014

Drugs may cause adverse effects, and spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports have been used as the main method of drug safety evaluation after drugs have been released. The World Health Organization (WHO) collects ADR data reported from pharmacovigilance organizations in each nations. In China, pharmacovigilance centers operate with hierarchical structure at local, provincial and national levels. Also, Japan and Korea each operate their own respective independent pharmacovigilance organizations. WHO is collecting ADR reports for herbal medicine and 15~20% of all ADRs was related to herbal medicine in China. There are status reports of ADRs for herbal medicine in Japan as well. However, in Korea, there is no ADR reporting system regarding herbal medicine. In light of these overseas cases, a spontaneous ADR reporting system for herbal medicine in Korea should be necessary as well.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2019

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an inflammatory immune-mediated mucosal disease. EM is classified as EM minor or EM major, depending on the severity of symptoms. Most patients with minor or major forms of EM have oral lesions. EM can occur as a result of adverse drug reactions but this is difficult to establish. Several indicators have been developed that can be used as a criterion of evaluation to ensure objectivity in identifying the causality of adverse drug reactions. The Naranjo algorithm was used in the evaluation to ensure objectivity in identifying the causality of adverse drug reactions. There were two cases of patients suspected of having EM induced by drugs. They were both assessed using the Naranjo algorithm to confirm the causality of the disease.