• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of anxiety, depression and self-esteem on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency among woman smokers. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 121 unmarried woman smokers. The STAI, the CES-D Scale, the Self-Esteem scale and the FTQ were utilized to measure the level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was calculated based on the number of cigarette used. Results: Results indicated that woman smokers were depressed. Nicotine dependency was relatively low. Subjects had smoked a mean of 9.58 cigarettes per day. The level of depression influenced on smoking and nicotine dependency. Self-esteem influenced on the amount of smoking and anxiety influenced on nicotine dependency. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the amount of smoking of unmarried woman smokers was very high. Both the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency were affected by levels of depression. Education programs and campaigns are needed to prevent smoking of young adult women.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.441-453
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• 2012

Purpose: This secondary data analysis study was aimed at identifying the factors related to the patterns of alcohol use (normal alcohol use, hazardous alcohol use, and alcohol dependence) in the Korean adult. Methods: This study analyzed the cross-sectional data from 230,715 Korean adults aged 19 year and older who participated in the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to uncover associations between demographic, health related factors and the patterns of alcohol use. Results: The patterns of alcohol use was differentiated from the sociodemographic variables (residential area, gender, age, marital status, educational level, monthly income, and occupation) and with health related factors (smoking status, hours of sleep, body mass index, pain or discomfort, subjective health, stress level, liver disease, cardio/cerebro vascular disease, and depression). Hazardous alcohol use was lower in rural areas and lower among women, but higher among people who smoke, reported severe stress, and/or depression. Similarly, alcohol dependence was lower among women and among those in rural areas, and was more likely associated with those who smoke, have severe stress and depression. Conclusion: A number of factors are associated with patterns of drinking. Smoking, severe stress and depression seems to confound the problems of alcohol use. Additional research is needed to isolate those factors that are the most important influencing the use of alcohol.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.231-241
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• 2002

This study is for research of relationship between shoes wearing by adult woman and foot type. The research was made through questionnaire sheets of general matters (age, body weight, height & occupation) and shoes wearing status (hill height, toe shape, wearing time) of 216 adult women reside in the metropolitan zone and the foot type was classified from foot measurement and the relationship between shoes wearing and foot type was analyzed. According to the result of analysis it is as follows : 1) In the shoes type prefer for they prefer for lower hill as more ages and were preferring shoes with higher hill as the taller women. 2) The instep height is lower and medial foot angle was increased as their ages are more. Majority of foot type was appeared with standard type and the broad type was indicated more by age of 20s. The classification by toe the square type was indicated by majority and in the age of 30-40s the egyptian type was more 3) As the age and weight get increased he height of arch become lower and indicated to transit to flat-foot. That is to say they prefer for round toe in case of fiat-foot, and for square toe in case of normal and, choice of shoe toe shape it indicated by more impact by the height of arch rather than toe length.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2021

Objective: This study investigated the different in isokinetic peak strength of the knee joint, and kinetics and kinematics in drop landing pattern of lower limb between the patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) patients and normal. Method: 30 adult females were divided into the PFPS (age: 23.13±2.77 yrs; height: 160.97±3.79 cm, weight: 51.19±4.86 kg) and normal group (age: 22.80±2.54 yrs, height: 164.40±5.77 cm, weight: 56.14±8.16 kg), with 15 subjects in each group. To examine the knee isokinetic peak strength, kinematics and kinetics in peak vertical ground reaction force during drop landing. Results: The knee peak torque (Nm) and relative strength (%) were significantly weaker PFPS group than normal group. In addition, PFPS group had significantly greater hip flexion angle (°) than normal group. Moreover, normal group had significantly greater moment of hip abduction, hip internal rotation, and left ankle eversion than PFPS group, and PFPS group had significantly greater moment of knee internal rotation. Finally, there was significant differences between the groups at anteroposterior center of pressure. Conclusion: The PFPS patients had weakened knee strength, and which can result in an unstable landing pattern and cause of more stress in the knee joints despite to effort of reduce vertical ground reaction force.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-229
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of parent-to-child financial transfers, providing household chores, and inheritance on financial transfers and time transfers from adult children to their elderly parents with dementia. Analyzing data from the sample of 343 adult children of parents with dementia, this study finds a strong positive effect of prior parent-to-child financial transfers on child-to-parent financial transfers under controlling parent characteristics, respondent characteristics and sibling's transfers to their parents. The effects of providing household chores and inheritance on time transfers are also positively significant. The results of this study point out the importance of reciprocity in resource transfers between adult children and their parents with dementia.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

This study examined the influences of parental acceptance-rejection, father involvement, and parental power-prestige in childhood on adult psychological maladjustment. Participants were 168 women. Stepwise regression results showed that father and mother's rejection in childhood were association with adult psychological maladjustment. However, both father involvement and parental power-prestige in childhood had no effects on adult psychological maladjustment.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.197-208
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the intergenerational transmission of mother-daughter attachment across three generations, and to determine whether the mother-daughter attachment of three generations influences the adult daughter's ego-resilience. The subjects of this study were 310 unmarried adult women aged 20${\sim}$29, residing in the Busan area, and their 310 middle-aged mothers. The mothers responded to two sets of questionnaire investigating their attachment to their mothers (G1-G2) in the past and the present attachment to their adult daughters (G2-G3). Meanwhile, the adult daughters were given questionnaires regarding their attachment to their mothers and their ego-resiliency. The measurements used for this study were the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER). Among the distributed questionnaires, 265 sets were collected and 252 sets were actually analyzed using SPSS 12.0 after 13 sets had been excluded due to incomplete data. Basic statistics were used such as frequency analysis, Pearson's correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. The study results were as follows. First, the adult daughter-mother (G2-G3) attachment was explained mostly by mother-grandmother (G1-G2) attachment, daughter's age, and economic status of the family. The strongest factor was the mother-grandmother attachment which implies the transmission of attachment through generations. Second, among the factors that influenced the ego-resilience of an unmarried adult daughter, attachment to one's mother perceived by the daughter turned out to be the most significant. Especially, the more positive the adult daughter's emotion toward her mother and the higher the daughter's education, the stronger the ego-resilience of the adult single daughter was. It was concluded that the mother-daughter attachment remained consistent throughout three generations, which influenced the social-psychological adjustment of the adult unmarried daughter.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.1 s.73
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• pp.187-195
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of parent-to-child financial transfers and economic resources on financial transfers, caregiving, and time donated from middle-aged adult children to their elderly parents. Analyzing data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, which provides long-term observations of financial reciprocity and recent reports about elder care, the current study finds strong positive effects of prior parent-to-child financial transfers in the models of caregiving and time; which indicates the importance of reciprocity. In terms of determinants of resource transfers, the findings of logistic regression analyses suggest that the economic resources of parents and adult children are strong determinants of child-to-parent financial resource transfers. Sociodemographic characteristics of parents and respondents were observed as strong determinants of caregiving or time. In addition, caregiving responds more to the health and income levels of parents whereas donated time is responsive to the net worth of parents and parents' status. For adult children, gender is a strong determinant of both caregiving and time donation. The long-term health problem of adult children is a statistically significant predictor of caregiving, while the employment status of adult children and the number of siblings have statistically a significant association with time donated to care for the parents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 1997

This study was intended to examine the zinc status of free-living adult women living in the Taegu region. Zine intake of 102 female subjects was measured by food frequency method for 3 consecutive days. Urinary zine was assessed from urine samples collected fir twenty four hours. Average dietary zinc intake of adult female subjects using food record was 5.9$\pm$1.8mg which was 49$\%$of Korean RDA. When zine intake by frequency method was higher than by food record. Average urinary zine intake by frequency method was higher than that by food record. Thus, it appeared that zinc intake by frequency method was higher than that by food record. Average urinary zinc excretion of 102 adult female subjects was 0.28$\pm$0.16mg, which belonged to marginal zinc deficiency range. Fifty nine of 102 subjects showed marginal zinc deficiency as assessed by urinary zinc excretion. If we compare the zinc status of adult female subjects by age group, zinc intake in the 50s was significantly higher than any other age groups. However, there were no significant differences in zinc status according to BMI groups and BMI groups. Significant correlations were found between zinc intake and energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat intake. Based on dietary zinc intake and urinary zinc, we concluded that zinc status of adult female living in the Taegu region is marginally deficient.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.105-118
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to explore young adult donors' experiences of living donor liver transplantation. Methods: A phenomenological research method was used. The participants were two women and six men. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from November 25th, 2019 to June 10th, 2020 and analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Results: Five theme clusters extracted from the young adult donors' experiences were painful decision of a liver donation, the agony of both mind and body that overpowers youth, the bitter and bare face of reality that a young donor encounters, feeling the power of love that fills up the space of the organ removed, and liver donation becoming priming water for maturity. Conclusion: The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the lives of young adult donors who have experienced unexpected difficulties as well as self growth from the donation. It is expected that the results can be of use for developing and applying customized nursing interventions for management before and after liver donation among young adult donors.