• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4563-4570
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• 2015

Background: Smoking is a learnt behavior during adolescence and understanding the factor/s associated with smoking will assist in identifying suitable measures in combating the rising prevalence of smoking among adolescents. This research aimed to identify the factor/s associated with smoking among form four students in Kota Tinggi, Johor. Multistage sampling was used to select a representative sample of students in 2008 and data were collected using a self-administered validated questionnaire. This study revealed that the overall smoking prevalence was 19.0% with a significantly higher proportion of male smokers (35.8%) as compared to females (3.15%). Adolescents who were male (aOR 6.6, 95%CI 2.61-16.4), those who had peer/s who smoked (aOR 4.03, 95% CI 1.31-12.4), and those who studied in rural areas and Felda Settlements ( aOR 4.59, 95 CI 1.11-18.0; aOR 9.42, 95%CI 3.91-29.1) were more likely to smoke in the past one week. On the other hand, adolescents with better knowledge on the hazards of smoking and negative attitudes towards smoking were less likely to smoke (aOR 0.51, 95%CI 0.37-0.72; aOR 0.67, 95%CI 0.46-0.99). Future promotional and interventional programmes on smoking should be considered and the above identified risk factors integrated to reduce smoking prevalence among students of school-going ages in Kota Tinggi. Johor.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.19-35
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of video-and discussion-based smoking cessation intervention for adolescents. And this study is intended to provide a basic database for the development of health education, to serve health promotion for adolescent. The subjects were 472 high school students in K yungkido. The data was collected from September 23th to October 31 st, 2002. The data was collected by the measurement of knowledge, attitude, and intention toward smoking. Pre-research was conducted before smoking cessation education and post-research was performed twice, immediately after the education and 4 weeks later. Collected data was analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 which is a computational statistical program. The results of this study are as follows： 1. Total knowledge points in smoking cessation program-based group are higher than any other groups and the statistical difference is significant. 2. The students' attitude points in experimental groups are higher than that of the control group and the statistical difference is significant. However, the meaningful statistical difference disappeared after 4 weeks. 3. The non-smoking students' intention points do not show any significant difference. And the smoking students' intention points in experimental groups are higher than that of the control group but the statistical difference is insignificant. 4. There are correlations among knowledge, attitude and intention toward smoking： knowledge and attitude are negatively correlated, knowledge and intention are positively correlated for non-smoking students, and for smoking students, attitude and intention have a negative correlation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of community mapping based on volunteered Geographic Information System on smoking prevention among female middle school students. Methods: This study used a triangulation method which integrated quantitative data from a "pre-post" study on a nonequivalent control group and qualitative data from focus group interviews. Data was collected from 4 August 2015 to 10 January 2016. The experimental group (n=24) participated in community mapping along with education on smoking prevention and the control group (n=28) participated only in routine education. Both groups were measured on their knowledge and attitude related to smoking prevention through self-report questionnaires. The quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, $x^2$ analysis, and t-test using SPSS 23.0. The qualitative data was collected through focus group interviews to investigate the social-environmental effect of smoking prevention. Results: Knowledge related to smoking prevention was significantly higher (t=2.591, p=.013) in the experimental group than the control group. But attitude related to smoking prevention did not show significant differences between the two groups. When asked about their experiences of the community mapping program, it turned out to be a process where they could learn practical knowledge related to smoking prevention and experience their individual practices manifested as collective intelligence while working together with community members. The study found that community mapping had an effect on smoking prevention from a social and environmental aspect. Conclusion: To be more effective, school education on smoking prevention should be provided in connection with the community. It is also desirable to provide an opportunity where adolescents can experience discovering and solving practical problems along with their own community.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2006

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the intention of smoking and its related factors in high school students. Methods: Our study subjects were 1,203 high school students who resided in one city and in one county region. We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey from June 7 to June 19, 2004. Both the decisional balance and temptation inventory showed high reliability estimates. We provided good fit for the 12-item decisional balance inventory and the 10-item temptation inventory by using a confirmatory factor analysis. We also used multiple logistic regression analysis to identify the major contributing factors for the intention to start smoking. Results: On the univariate analysis, the subjects who were female, the 2nd and 3rd grade students, the students in vocational high school, the ex-drinkers or current drinkers, and ex-smokers were found to be significantly more distributed in the groups with intention to start smoking. Except for the concept of the cons, the group with intention to start smoking showed significantly higher standardized T scores for the 7 concepts of decisional balance and temptations. On the multiple logistic regression analysis, the females, the 2nd and 3rd grade students, the students in vocational high school, the experience of cigarette smoking and low T score of the cons were significantly related to the intention to start smoking. Conclusions: The intention to start smoking in high school students was affected by various factors such as gender, the school grade and the experience of smoking. Therefore, further research should be conducted for providing the essential data for developing a brief instrument for selecting the groups with intention of starting smoking among adolescents.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.268-280
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• 2021

Purpose: The study is examined the effects of the smoking cessation program of life skills training using flipped learning for male middle school students. Methods: The study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The Smoking Cessation Program of life skills training using flipped learning is a Smoking Cessation Program that applied 5 stages of flipped learning such as before class, introductory class, during class, after class, and during work. Participants were 32 male students attending a middle school in D city, with 16 in the control group and 16 in the experiment group. Data collection was conducted from February 26, 2019 to May 14, 2019 for the control group, and from May 28, 2019 to August 19, 2019 for the experiment group. The collected smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, self-efficacy, basic psychological needs, and urine cotinine were analyzed by x² test, independent t-test, two-way repeated measured ANOVA, and Fishers exact test using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: The experimental group showed higher smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, self-efficacy, basic psychological need, and urine cotinine negative response than the control group, and there were significant differences. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the Smoking Cessation Program of life skill training using flipped learning is an effective intervention for cessation of middle school male students, and it has a positive effect on the increase in urine cotinine, and a physiological indicator of the cessation effect, and is effective in the success of smoking cessation.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.181-200
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• 2007

Objectives: A content analysis was conducted to examine whether the current school textbooks providing smoking information are effective or not. Methods: The authors reviewed 111 qualified textbooks using elementary through high schools during 2006-2007 academic year in Korea. Educational components were coded with an analysis tool developed through the present research. Result: Tobacco education components were narrowly focused on long-term physiological consequences of tobacco use, addictiveness, and harmful ingredients and they were repetitively shown in the textbooks. Negative health consequences such as lung cancer were emphasized 10 times among 12 smoking-related textbooks. Educational messages or contents are mainly based on medical knowledge (72%) rather than psycho-social components. The US school-based smoking prevention programs, however, employ psycho-social approach with cognitive and life-skill components and they contain only 7-17% of smoking-related medical knowledge. In order to increase psycho-social smoking prevention components in Korean textbooks, the present study identified social subjects of textbooks (and relating core sessions) for elementary, middle, and high school. It also provided guidelines for school instructors to use. Conclusion: Adolescent smoking behavior is not caused by the deficit of health information, but mostly by social influences including media and peer pressure. School textbooks proving smoking information need to increase psycho-social context. One of the most effective ways as a psycho-social smoking prevention program is to use social subjects (or curriculum) of textbooks such as social studies, ethics, social cultures, social environment, and home management.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to investigate the smoking related social influence, refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy among adolescents. Method: The subject for this study consisted of 3,000 students of middle and high school located in Chonbuk province. The data were collected by self-report questionnaire from Aguest 19 to September 14, 2002. Result: The smoking rate was 3.3% in middle school students and 13.6% in high school students. The subject have had 61.1% of family members, 42.7% of same sex friends, 39.4% of object sex friend, 64.9% of peer group and 85.9% of teachers were being smoke. The smoking related social influence and smoking status showed significant relationship; current smokers' smoking related social influence level was much higher than former and never smoker. Friends', teachers' and family members' influences were important to adolescents' smoking. Adolescents had social influence made by many smokers. 27.7% of subject were suggested to smoke by near people, 40.4% of which them were smoked or tried to smoke. The mean refusal skill score of subject was 39.13 points per hundred. Adolescents have showed very low level of refusal skill to smoke. Current smokers' refusal skill level was significantly lower than former and never smoker. The mean average nonsmoking related self-efficacy score of current smoker was 44.46 percents per hundred, it showed that current smoker had very low level of self-efficacy to ceasing smoke. Conclusion: For the purpose of adolescents smoking prevention and ceasing, the educational program must designed to reduce smoking related social influence, to promote the refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1473-1478
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• 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking is as the leading cause of cancer mortality and other chronic diseases in males worldwide. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is different across and within countries by age, education level, occupation, and so on. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its relationship with individuals' demographic factors and BMI in adolescent men living in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study involved secondary analysis of the 'Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool-2' survey conducted in Tehran, Iran, among men aged 20+, 2011-2012. Using a multistage sampling method, 45,990 men were included in the study. The cigarette smoking status, BMI and demographic factors measured through a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression model were used to examine the relationships between the independents variables and cigarette smoking behavior, using SPSS software version 21. Results: In the total of 45,990 men, the overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 14.6% (CI 95%: 14.29-14.94). Age (OR=0.96; CI 95%:0.94-0.98), house ownership (OR=0.68; CI 95%: 0.64-0.72), job status (OR=0.60; CI 95%: 0.46-0.86), marital status (OR=0.42; CI 95%: 0.39-0.47) and educational levels (OR=0.50; CI95%: 0.45-0.54) were associated with the prevalence of cigarette smoking. However, associations with BMI, family size, residency years, and district were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Given the relatively high prevalence of cigarette smoking in the study population, policy interventions are required to address this major public health issue, with a focus on the population demographic influences.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8877-8881
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• 2014

Background: Despite social gradients in adult smoking, the effects of socioeconomic position (SEP) on adolescent smoking is not well understood. This study examined effects of subjective SEP as well as the objective SEP on smoking among Korean adolescents. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the 2012 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students (38,221 boys; 35,965 girls). SEP was assessed by the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) and the self-rated household economic status. Relationships between SEP and smoking were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: The low perceived SEP for either the high or low FAS grade was related to an elevated likelihood of smoking in both genders. A significantly higher risk of smoking was found in boys of low perceived SEP in middle school (odds ratio [OR] 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-1.77 for high FAS, OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.21-1.98 for low FAS), and of low perceived SEP and high FAS in high school (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02-1.26). Among girls, an elevated risk of smoking was observed in middle school group with low perceived SEP and low FAS (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.44-2.79) and in the high school group of low perceived SEP, regardless of FAS level (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.14-1.57 for high FAS, OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.04-1.65 for low FAS). Conclusions: The relationship of subjectively perceived SEP with smoking is as important as objective SEP and more significant in Korean high school adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2004

This study was done to investigate effects of smoking, drinking and exercise on body composition, dietary intakes, serum lipids of male high school students in Seoul. Body Composition was analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer. Dietary survey was conducted by 24-hour recall method and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-Pro). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Mean and standard error were examined for each items. The significant difference was examined by student's t-test. Body composition data showed that protein mass, mineral mass and lean body mass of regular exercisers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of irregular exercisers. Energy and protein intakes of male high school students were 1868 kcal/day (69.2% RDA), 68 g/day (91.3% RDA), respectively. Ca, Fe and Vitamin B$_2$ intakes were lower than 2000 RDA. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum levels of HDL-cholesterol of drinkers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of nondrinkers. Overall results imply that smoking and alcohol drinking of adolescent males may not much influence on serum lipids levels because pack-years of smoking or the amount of alcohol drinking was not serious enough to be harmful to health.