• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.627-641
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• 2008

There have been frequent reorganizations of administrative areas and place-names in China since 1949. These reorganizations were practiced with the two institutions 'city control over surrounding counties(shiguanxianzhi)' and 'county transform to city(shigaixian)' based on the socialist commodity supply system(gongxiaozhidu) and civil registration system(hukouzhidu). In this article I will try to discuss the influence and meaning of these reorganizations on the minority nationalities districts in frontier China. The Conclusions are as follows: The increase of the number of cities and the reorganization of the place-names in the minority nationalities districts is not the result of the increase of population or advancement of industrial structure but the result of Han people having non agriculture registration(feinongyehukou) population's increase. Therefore the reorganizations of administrative areas and place-names was a process of inclusion of the minority nationalities areas as a part of the Chinese territory(guotu) more perfective than before.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2006

This study is to find out formation and development process of urban area in modern ages(1870-1949) focused Yanji city in the east-northern area in china. After the discharge of confinement in the late 19 century, the settlements were formed around east area, that is, the present Yanji urban area. The japanese consular office had been moved in east area since the beginning of the early 20 century, and so, the existing residents moved to west area. And the military and administrative facilities were located on the urban outskirts. After the September 18th Incident on 1932, Yanji had been constructed with the strategic center area under the urban planning. The administrative facilities of those days had been altered to he functional branches and educational facilities, and become the basis of development of Yanji city.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

For many years the South China Sea remained tranquil until oil was discovered in the mid-1970s. After that discovery, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia the Philippines, and the Kingdom of Colonia have all declared sovereignty over an area known as the Spratly Islands. Despite recent efforts by international organizations including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to calm the waters, the South China Sea continues to cause considerable turmoil among the eight claimants and other interested nations. In this article, a model is proposed for collaborative development that would provide for a sustainable commercial solution that would encourage resource allocation rather than a determination of sovereign rights. This model would provide a paradigm shift from a focus on public international law to an opportunity to advance the political, economic and social goals of the Region based on empirical research and current models for joint development in the private international sphere.

• Strategy21
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• s.30
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• pp.177-199
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• 2012

As is generally known, the sovereignty dispute over the Senkaku Islands between China/Taiwan and Japan was triggered by a report commissioned by the UN in 1968, which reported the possibility of a substantial amount of petroleum and natural gas buried in the South China Sea. When the administrative authority over the Ryukyu Islands was transferred from the US to Japan in 1972, jurisdiction over the Senkaku Islands was also transferred. A dispute ensued between China (Taiwan) and Japan over the Senkaku Islands except during the period in which formal relations were established between the two states. This paper will take a look particularly at the events that occurred in the 2000's and discuss their recent trends and aspects of the dispute. Though China and Japan agreed to joint resource development in 2008, the agreed zone was a very small area adjacent to the Korea-Japan Joint Continental Shelf Development Zone, and the points of agreement have not been implemented. China has been developing four oil fields including Chunxiao in its waters adjacent to the median line asserted by Japan. However, China also has been excluding the participation of Japan, while Japan has been strongly objecting to the unilateral development of oil fields by China. If indeed the oil fields on China's side are connected past the median line asserted by Japan, then China's unilateral development will infringe upon the potential sovereign rights of Japan, thereby violating international law.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

This study has been carried out with the purpose of coming up with suggestions for designation of domestic protection areas and improvement of their management through a comparative analysis of the systems of management of the protection areas in South Korea, Japan and China. Starting with the designation of natural reserves in 1962, South Korea has prepared legal systems for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity, while continuing to designate protected areas. As the state has so far monopolized the designation and management of all South Korean protection areas that take up 10.8% of its entire land area (as of Dec. 2011), with such persisting issues as multiple designations of one and the same area for protection, overlapping management authorities, and management of privately owned land in the protection areas. In Japan, which has protected area sizes and relevant legal systems similar to those in South Korea, the state provides the basic framework for management, while delegating most of the duties related to direct operation and management to specific municipalities. China, with an integrated administrative management of protected areas, has related government offices and municipalities responsible for the designation and management of individual protected areas. South Korea needs to provide a legally based support system that would further enhance the value of areal protection and contribute to the promotion of local economy and community.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.574-580
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• 2015

Climatic zone in building code is an administrative district classification reflecting regional climatic characteristics. Use of Degree-Days is a fundamental method that can be used in various building design codes, analysis of building energy performance, and establishment of minimum thermal transmittance of building envelopes. Many foreign countries, such as the USA, the EU, Australia, Italy, India, China, etc., have already adapted climatic zone classification with degree-days, precipitation or amount of water vapor based on the characteristics of their own country's climate. In Korea, however, the minimum requirements for regional thermal transmittance are classified separately for the Jungbu area, Nambu area and Jeju Island with no definite criterion. In this study, degree-days of 255 Korean cities were used for climatic zone classification. Outdoor dry-bulb temperature data from the Korea Meteorological Administration for 1981~2010 was used to calculate degree-days. ArcGIS and the calculated degree-days were utilized to analyze and visualize climatic zone classification. As a result, depending on the distribution and distinctive differences in degree-days, four climatic zones were derived : 1) Central area, 2) Mountain area of Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces, 3) Southern area, and 4) Jeju Island. The climatic zones were suggested per administrative district for easy public understanding and utilization.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2011

Someday Mt. Baekdu could erupt by records of orogeny activity until today. This study is to predict influence area of lava flow and volcanic ash by simulation of volcanic eruption in the Mt. Baekdu. Simulation for eruption applied to supposing 7 grade of volcanic explosivity index, season from fall to spring. As a simulation results, lava flewed down into slope of China and volcanic ash diffused over the North Korea. Volcanic ash spreads to Ulneung area after nine hours. It was predicted that 61 cities and villages out of 27 administrative districts of Si-Gun were affected by volcanic ash in North Korea and an immense volume of volcanic ash was blown into farm lands, city areas and forests. This results expected to utilize information for disaster preparation of North Korea and joint research with South-North Korea and China.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.461-475
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• 2020

This study was conducted in the southwestern area of Korea using a neuston net in September (14 stations) 2017 to understand the environmental factors affecting neustonic zooplankton. Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, suspended solids, and microplastics were included as environmental factors. Based on the density of the copepods, the study area was divided into three regions: the Seomjin River water influence area, the frontal mixing area, and the warm water affected area (Jeju warm current and Tsushima warm current). In the latter two areas, the major species were Pontella chierchiae, Canthocalanus pauper, and Oncaea spp. Also, neustonic zooplankton showed a significant relationship between the density of phytoplankton and microplastics in the frontal mixing area, and temperature and suspended solids in the warm water affected area, respectively (p<0.05). This indicates that microplastics can affect the offshore zooplankton community.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.64-77
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• 2013

In China, archaeological research on Xiongnu started later than in foreign countries. In the late $19^{th}$ century, several Russian archaeologists started to study Xiongnu's archaeological culture. However, since the late $20^{th}$ century, archaeological research of the Xiongnu in China quickly gained speed. The Xiongnu culture has been reported in Mongolia, northern steppe of China and eastern part of Eurasian steppe. Mainly, Xiongnu sites, dated from the late 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D., are reported on the west side of Baikal Lake(Zabaikal), Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia of China. Based on the historical records and the archaeological remains, the North Xiongnu culture is defined to be the remains of Zabaikal, and the South Xiongnu culture the archaeological remains of Northern China. The expelled North Xiongnu, while fleeing to the western part of Eurasia, left traces of their own archaeological remains in southern Kazakhstan, Xinjiang of China, Altai, and finally appeared in the Europe as Huns. In order to adapt to the environment of northern steppe of China, Xiongnu used a nomadic economic system, giving uniqueness to its iron works. The most characteristic iron works of the Xiongnu is the highly-sophisticated iron weapons. Compared with the iron works of agricultural economic society, Xiongnu iron-works are short of production tools and various vessels. The "Nomadic type" iron works found in Xiongnu area date back to the Warring Country period or slightly later. Further research need to be conducted on "Nomadic type" Xiongnu iron works.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2014

Hong Kong, a well-known metropolis characterized by skyscrapers on both sides of the Victoria Harbour, consists mainly of 3 parts, namely the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula and the New Territories (N.T.) which is the land area north of Kowloon plus a number of outlying islands. Located in the N.T. are all the new towns, market towns; and in the plains and valleys lie scattered village houses of not more than 3 storeys within the confines of well-defined village. These village houses are governed by a rural housing policy that could be traced back to the very beginning of the former British administration in the N.T. By the Convention of Peking of 1898, the N.T., comprising the massive land area north of Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased to Britain by China for 99 years from 1st July 1898. Soon after occupation, the colonial government conducted a survey of this uncharted territory from 1899 to 1903, and set up a land court to facilitate all land registration work and to resolve disputed claims. By 1905, the Block Crown Leases with Schedule of Lessees and details of the lots, each with a copy of the lot index plan (Demarcation Plan) were executed. Based on the above, Crown rent rolls were prepared for record and rent collection purposes. All grants of land thereafter are known as New Grant lots. After completion and execution of the Block Crown Lease in 1905, N.T. villagers had to purchase village house lots by means of Restricted Village Auctions; and Building Licences were issued to convert private agricultural land for building purposes but gradually replaced by Land Exchanges (i.e. to surrender agricultural land for the re-grant of building land) from the early 1960's until introduction of the current Small House Policy in October 1972. It was not until the current New Territories Small House Policy came into effect in December 1972 that the Land Authority can make direct grant of government land or approve the conversion of self-owned agricultural land to allow indigenous villagers to build houses within the village environs under concessionary terms. Such houses are currently restricted to 700 square feet in area and three storeys with a maximum height of 27 feet. An indigenous villager is a male descendent of a villager who was the resident of a recognized village already existing in 1898. Each villager is only allowed one concessionary grant in his lifetime. Upon return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1st, 1997, the traditional rights of indigenous villagers are protected under Article 40 of the Basic Law (a mini-constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Also all N.T. leases have been extended for 50 years up to 2047. Owing to the escalating demand and spiral landed property prices in recent years, abuse of the N.T. Small House Policy has been reported in some areas and is a concern in some quarters. The Hong Kong Institute of Land Administration attempts to study the history that leads to the current rural housing policy in the New Territories with particular emphasis on the small house policy, hoping that some light can be shed on the "way forward" for such a controversial policy.