• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2013

Adequate design of engineered barriers, including canister, buffer and backfill, is important for the safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Three-dimensional computer simulations were carried out under different condition to examine the thermal and mechanical behavior of engineered barriers and rock mass. The research looked at five areas of importance, the effect of the swelling pressure, water content of buffer, density of compacted bentonite, emplacement type and the selection of failure criteria. The results highlighted the need to consider tensile stress in the outer shell of a canister due to thermal expansion of the canister and the swelling pressure from the buffer for a more reliable design of an underground repository system. In addition, an adequate failure criterion should be used for the buffer and backfill.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.133-145
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• 2018

Robustness, payload, and imperceptibility of audio watermarking algorithms are contradictory design issues with high-level security of the watermark. In this study, the major issue in achieving high payload along with adequate robustness against challenging signal-processing attacks is addressed. Moreover, a security code has been strategically used for secure transmission of data, providing tamper detection at the receiver end. The high watermark payload in this work has been achieved by using the complementary features of third-level detailed coefficients of discrete wavelet transform where the human auditory system is not sensitive to alterations in the audio signal. To counter the watermark loss under challenging attacks at high payload, Daubechies wavelets that have an orthogonal property and provide smoother frequencies have been used, which can protect the data from loss under signal-processing attacks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has demonstrated adequate robustness against signal processing attacks at 4,884.1 bps. Among the evaluators, 87% have rated the proposed algorithm to be remarkable in terms of transparency.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.585-591
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• 1999

The purpose of the present study was to measure the dietary folate intake of Korean women of childbearing age. Folate intake obtained from 24-hour recall method and food frequency questionnaire was assessed in two hundred and ninety-three nonpregnant and non-lactating healthy women of childbearing age. The mean folate intake of women aged 20-29 was 112.8ug/day, 49.3% of their recommended level of 250ug/day. Folate intake of women aged 30-49 was 129.0ug/day, significantly higher than that of participants aged 20-29. A quartile analysis on the folate intake revealed that there significant differences in the consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables (p<0.01), other vegetables (p<0.01), and fruits and legumes(p<0.05) between the highest of childbearing age is far from adequate. To reach of the present study show that the folate intake of Korean women of childbearing age is far from adequate. To reach the recommended intake level of 250ug/day for women of childbearing age, folate supplementation and special nutrition education promoting folate intake might be necessary.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1667-1673
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• 2000

The climate and marketing system of raw milk in Taiwan create problems in balance feeding of protein and energy in lactating cows in Taiwan. Level of urea nitrogen both in bulk milk and serum reflects ruminal protein degradation and post-ruminal protein provision, whereas milk protein concentration responds to dietary energy intake and bacterial protein production in the rumen. Establishment of a range of reference standards in milk protein and urea nitrogen levels can be applied as a noninvasive economical feeding guide to monitor the balance of protein and energy intake. Standard reference levels of 3.0% milk protein and 11-17 mg/dL milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were established. Level of milk protein below 3.0% is regarded as indicating inadequate dietary energy whereas MUN below or above the range is regarded as a deficiency or surplus in dietary protein. Results from analysis of bulk a milk samples collected from 174 dairy herds over Taiwan showed that only one quarter (25.29%) of the herds received a balanced intake of protein and energy, 33.33% adequate protein with energy inadequate, 22.99% herds in protein surplus with energy inadequate, 10.35% herds in protein surplus with energy adequate, 4.6% protein deficiency with energy adequate, and 3.45% herds with both protein and energy inadequate. Energy inadequate herds accounted for 60% of the total dairy herds in Taiwan with 56% adequate, 38% surplus and 6% inadequate in protein. In comparing milk sampled from bulk milk on different seasons from Lee-Kang area in the southern Taiwan, the concentrations of milk fat and milk protein were significantly higher in the cool season (February) than in the warm season (August) (p<0.05), whereas the urea nitrogen in the milk was significantly lower in the cool season than in the warm season (p<0.05). This indicated that lactating cows had excess protein and/or inadequate energy intake in the warm season in this area. It appears that the major problem feeding in lactating cows is energy intake shortage, especially during the warm season in Taiwan.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.344-360
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• 2018

This study examined the sociodemographic factors, health-related habits, chronic diseases, dietary habits, and nutrient intake according to the self-rated health status in a group aged over 65 years by analyzing the nationally representative Korean survey data. A total of 1,510 subjects were analyzed among the participants of the 2016 Korean National Health and Examination Survey (KNHANES). Statistical analyses for complex samples were performed using the SPSS software package (version 19.0) The study subjects were divided into two groups (healthy group vs. unhealthy group) based on their self-rated health status. The percentage of the healthy group was 66.5%. Gender, age, education level, household income, job (P<0.001, respectively), marital status, and basic living allowance (P<0.05, respectively) were significant sociodemographic variables of the self-rated health status. Alcohol consumption (P<0.01), aerobic physical activity, stress, quality of life, not feeling very well, depression and activity restriction (P<0.001, respectively) were also significant health-related variables of the self-rated health status. Blood glucose, anemia (P<0.05, respectively), and chewing problems (P<0.001) were significant chronic disease-related variables of the self-rated health status. Adequate intakes of protein, dietary fiber, phosphorus, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C (P<0.001, respectively), calcium, sodium, potassium (P<0.01, respectively), iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin (P<0.05, respectively) were also significant variables of the self-rated health status. In complex samples multiple logistic regression analysis, the self-rated health status was influenced significantly by the aerobic physical activity (P<0.01), stress level (P<0.05), depression (P<0.001), quality of life (P<0.001), not feeling very well (P<0.001), activity restriction (P<0.001), chewing problem (P<0.05), and adequate intake of iron (P<0.05). These results suggest that activity restriction, mental health, adequate iron intake, and physical activity may be associated with the self-rated health status in the elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 1998

Folate coenzymes are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions needed for the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins which are very important for cell proliferation and differentiation. To investigate the effects of dietary folate content on plasma and tissue folate concentrations and on folate excretions in urine and feces, male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised for 4-10 weeks on semi-purified experimental diets containing 0mg, 2 mg, 8mg folate/kg diet. Folate concentrations were determined microbiologically using Lactobacillius casei (ATCC 7469). When compared to the folate adequate diet, the folate deficient diet decreased folate levels in plasma, liver and kidney , and the values were further decreased with experimental period. In rats reviving folate supplemented diets, plasma , liver and kidney folate adequate or supplemented diets, folate concentrations weer increased compared to animals on the folate adequate diet. In the folate adequate or supplemented diets, folate concentrations in the plasma and kidney were maintained at essentially the same level for 10 weeks . Folate concentrations in the liver, however, continued to increase with experimental period. Dietary folate intake seems to influence plasma and liver folate concentrations more than kidney folate concentrations. Folate excretions unrine and feces were significantly increased with dietary foalte intakes and experimental period. Folate excreted via urine was consideerably greater than that via feces. These resutls indicated that the foate supplemented diet improved plasma and tissue foalte status. Whether folate supplmentation improves foalte-dependent reactions remains to be researched.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.105-114
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• 2008

This study investigates the saturation level of surface dryness, quantity of adhesive mortar, and the alien substance content of recycled aggregates for concrete to develop an adequate quality testing method for understanding the properties of recycled aggregates, which differ greatly from preexisting aggregates. For tests that measure the saturation level of surface dryness, where detail methods are applied differently according to the tester, various testing methods from across world were compared and analyzed. This study revealed that when measuring the saturation level of surface dryness of a certain sample, aggregates must be supplemented immediately whenever the height of the sample becomes lower than the measuring mold, and allowing the tamper to free fall on the sample will provide the most accurate results. When measuring the quantity of adhesive mortar of recycled aggregates for concrete, an acid solution was used, and since the quantity of adhesive mortar increases as the particle sizes gets smaller, the sample for testing should represent the entire granularity. Sulfuric acid solution is adequate for immersion, and the concentration should be 20% for best results. According to the alien substance content measurement, which was examined by the naked eye, the error range caused by the difference in particle size was neglectable, and therefore the sample should be $2.5{\sim}5.0mm$ in size concerning the accuracy and measuring time. Also, for coarse recycled aggregates, the sample should amount to 1kg for measuring alien substance content by the naked eye, which proves that assortment by the naked eye is the most adequate method for measuring the alien substance content of a recycled aggregate.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.71-94
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• 2003

The purpose of this dissertation is to build a development density control model and estimate optimum developmental density level for a sustainable urban growth management. To develop the model, system dynamics modeling approach was used. The model was developed to analyze how urban growth, transition, and decay occur depending on the interaction among population, houses, industry structure, land and urban infrastructure such as road, water supply, and sewage treatment facilities. The model was applied to Anyang city to estimate optimum density level. Extensive computer simulation was conducted to find out the maximum numbers of population, industry structure, houses, and cars that can be adequately sustained with the current Anyang city's infrastructure capacity. The computer simulation result shows that the city is overpopulated by some 90,000 people. It nab analyzed that 20％ increase of existing capacity of urban infrastructure is necessary to support current population of Anyang city. To reduce the population to the adequate level whereby the current urban infrastructure can sustain, the current city regulation on floor area ratio needs be strengthened at least 20％ to 35%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.258-265
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• 2014

Objectives: To examine whether the nursing practice environment at the hospital-level affects the job satisfaction and turnover intention of hospital nurses. Methods: Among the 11 731 nurses who participated in the Korea Health and Medical Workers' Union's educational program, 5654 responded to our survey. Data from 3096 nurses working in 185 general inpatient wards at 60 hospitals were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression modeling. Results: Having a standardized nursing process (odds ratio [OR], 4.21; p<0.001), adequate nurse staffing (OR, 4.21; p<0.01), and good doctor-nurse relationship (OR, 4.15; p<0.01), which are hospital-level variables based on the Korean General Inpatients Unit Nursing Work Index (KGU-NWI), were significantly related to nurses' job satisfaction. However, no hospital-level variable from the KGU-NWI was significantly related to nurses' turnover intention. Conclusions: Favorable nursing practice environments are associated with job satisfaction among nurses. In particular, having a standardized nursing process, adequate nurse staffing, and good doctor-nurse relationship were found to positively influence nurses' job satisfaction. However, the nursing practice environment was not related to nurses' turnover intention.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

Aloe products are one of the top selling health-functional foods in Korea, however the adequate level of intake to achieve desirable effects are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the intestinal uptake and metabolism of physiologically active aloe components using in vitro intestinal absorption model. The Caco-2 cell monolayer and the everted gut sac were incubated with $5-50{\mu}M$ of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin. The basolateral appearance of test compounds and their glucuronosyl or sulfated forms were quantified using HPLC. The % absorption of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin was ranged from 5.51% to 6.60%, 6.60% to 11.32%, and 7.61% to 13.64%, respectively. Up to 18.15%, 18.18%, and 38.86% of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin, respectively, was absorbed as glucuronidated or sulfated form. These results suggest that a significant amount is transformed during absorption. The absorption rate of test compounds except aloesin was similar in two models; more aloesin was absorbed in the everted gut sac than in the Caco-2 monolayer. These results provide information to establish adequate intake level of aloe supplements to maintain effective plasma level.