• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2020

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) can present with overlapping features. A 56-year-old female developed ptosis and diplopia after an upper respiratory infection, and presented with facial palsy, dysarthria, brachial weakness, ataxia, and areflexia. Mild weakness of both legs appeared after a few days. Anti-ganglioside complex antibody were positive to IgG GM1/GQ1b and GQ1b/sulfatide antibodies. The present case suggests that the manifestation of overlap between MFS/PCB variants and GBS could be caused by antiganglioside complex antibodies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.650-655
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• 1994

The author analyzed 99patients with VSD weighting less than 10kg of body weight who underwent surgical correction from 1981 to 1992 at cardiovascular department of Hanyang University hospital. Patients occupied 29.3% of total cases who were underwent surgical corrections for congenital heart diseases during that time. Of the 99 patients, 51 patients were male [52%] and 48 patients[48%] were female. Age ranged from 28 days to 36 months with mean age of 13.6 months. Mean body weight was 7.53kg. According to Kirklin`s anatomical classification, type II defect was most common [61.6%]. Associated anomaly was found in 48 patients [48.5%]. Patent foramen ovale was most commonly associated cardiac anomaly [14.1%] and followed by atrial septal defect [12.1%], patent ductus arteriosus [10.1%]. Cardiac catheterization data were analyzed. The most common range of Qp/Qs, Rp/Rs, Pp/Ps were above 3.0, 0.1 - 0.25, and above 0.75 respectively. Among the indications of surgical correction, there were pulmonary hypertention in 69 patients, congestive heart failure in 44 patients, frequent respiratory infection in 47 patients, growth retardation in 33 patients. The most common surgical approach and method for VSD closure were right atriotomy[48.3%] and dacron patch closure[93.3%]. Complication rate was 13.1% [13 cases], and overall mortality was 17.1% [17 cases]. The cause of death consisted of low cardiac output syndrome[11 cases], acute renal failure[3 cases], sepsis[2 cases] and pulmonary insufficiency[1 case] in order of frequency.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.133-142
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• 1992

We analyzed clinical study in 47 patients, who had visited to the Dept. of Otolaryngology, Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University to treat Otitis media with effesion from March, 1991 to February, 1992. The clinical etiology of O.M.E. was tubal occlusion, acute otitis, and allergy. The clinical symptoms were hearing loss, tinnitus, sneezing, coughing, Chun-I(纏耳), and BEE-Yeon(鼻淵) in the Oriental Medicine. The results were as follows. 1. There were 26 males ($55\%$) and 21 females ($45\%$) in sex. 2. The peak age at onset was 1-4 years old (11Cases). 3. Bilateral effusion was in $62\%$, and unilateral in $38\%$. 4. The etioloigic factors were upper respiratory infection 16 cases, Allergic rhinitis 13 cases, Sinusitis 8 cases, etc. 5. The most common chief complaint was hearing loss ($30\%$). 6. There was no significant difference between blood types in O.M.E., ( A type $30\%,\;B\;type\;25\%,\;AB\;type\;13\%,\;0\;type\;13\%$, Unknown recorded $9\%$ ). 7. $21\%$ patients prefered warm and the others cold 8. As for digestion, good was in 31 cases ($81\%$), and poor 9 cases ($19\%$). 9. Man-Hyung-Ja-San Extract was most used in treatments as $38\%$, O-Ryung-San $35\%$ in descending order. 10. As for treatment period, 14 cases were treated over 12 weeks, 9 cases below 1 week

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus found in China in 2019. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been found to be closely related to the cells that secrete angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is involved in the renin-angiotensin system and is widely secreted in several tissues, including the testis, which has raised concerns because organs with high expression of the ACE2 receptor are susceptible to infection. Analyses have shown that in testicular cells, such as spermatogonia, seminiferous duct cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, there is a high expression level of ACE2. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 may damage male reproductive tissues and cause infertility. Since male infertility is an important problem, scientists are evaluating whether COVID-19 may influence male infertility through the ACE2 receptor.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.408-421
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• 2021

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only affected human health but also diverted the focus of research and derailed the world economy over the past year. Recently, vaccination against COVID-19 has begun, but further studies on effective therapeutic agents are still needed. The severity of COVID-19 is attributable to several factors such as the dysfunctional host immune response manifested by uncontrolled viral replication, type I interferon suppression, and release of impaired cytokines by the infected resident and recruited cells. Due to the evolving pathophysiology and direct involvement of the host immune system in COVID-19, the use of immune-modulating drugs is still challenging. For the use of immune-modulating drugs in severe COVID-19, it is important to balance the fight between the aggravated immune system and suppression of immune defense against the virus that causes secondary infection. In addition, the interplaying events that occur during virus-host interactions, such as activation of the host immune system, immune evasion mechanism of the virus, and manifestation of different stages of COVID-19, are disjunctive and require thorough streamlining. This review provides an update on the immunotherapeutic interventions implemented to combat COVID-19 along with the understanding of molecular aspects of the immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may provide opportunities to develop more effective and promising therapeutics.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.401-407
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• 2021

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an ongoing pandemic disease. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses have been detected and characterized not only in COVID-19 patients and convalescents, but also unexposed individuals. Here, we review the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients and the relationships between SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses and COVID-19 severity. In addition, we describe the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells after recovery from COVID-19 and discuss the presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in unexposed individuals and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by COVID-19 vaccines. A better understanding of T-cell responses is important for effective control of the current COVID-19 pandemic.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.861-878
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• 2021

The human genome contains many retroviral elements called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting from the integration of retroviruses throughout evolution. HERVs once were considered inactive junk because they are not replication-competent, primarily localized in the heterochromatin, and silenced by methylation. But HERVs are now clearly shown to actively regulate gene expression in various physiological and pathological conditions such as developmental processes, immune regulation, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. Recent studies report that HERVs are activated in patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. In this review, we describe internal and external factors that influence HERV activities. We also present evidence showing the gene regulatory activity of HERV LTRs (long terminal repeats) in model organisms such as mice, rats, zebrafish, and invertebrate models of worms and flies. Finally, we discuss several molecular and cellular pathways involving various transcription factors and receptors, through which HERVs affect downstream cellular and physiological events such as epigenetic modifications, calcium influx, protein phosphorylation, and cytokine release. Understanding how HERVs participate in various physiological and pathological processes will help develop a strategy to generate effective therapeutic approaches targeting HERVs.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2010

In order to investigate the antibiotic prescription pattern for upper respiratory infections (URI), the prescription sheets for outpatients from July 2008 to June 2009 were collected from 7 community pharmacies in Ulsan City, and the prescription pattern of Pediatric and ENT physicians was analyzed. The antibiotic prescription rates of Pediatric and ENT physicians were 63.8% and 61.7%, respectively. It was also observed that the oral antibiotic prescription was 95.6% in Pediatrics and 97.6% in ENT. The most favorable antibiotics by Pediatric physicians were penicillins (21.5%) penicillin-clavulanate (36.4%) and cephalosporins (16.5%), macrolides (11.6%), quinolones (3.5%), and nifuroxazide (3.5%). In case of ENT, the commonly prescribed antibiotics were also penicillin-clavulanate (47.6%), cephalosporins (31.6%), macrolides (11.9%) and sulfonamide (1.3%). The antibiotic combination rate was 7.6% in Peditrics and 1.9% in ENT, among antibiotic prescriptions. The combination of more than two oral antibiotics was examined as 66.8% in Pediatrics and 44.2% in ENT. The common oral antibiotic combination in Pediatrics was prescriptions of two ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics (54.3%). Among them 83% was the combination of amoxicillin-clavulanate (7:1) and amoxicillin, which could be judged as antibiotic overuse. The next highly prescribed oral antibiotic combination was ${\beta}$-lactam/macrolide antibiotic combination probably for URI (11.3%) and ${\beta}$-lactam/nifuroxazide combination (10.0%) presumably for acute diarrhea. Comparatively the oral antibiotic combination prescribed by ENT physicians was negligible except one physician. In conclusion, the antibiotic over-prescription rate by antibiotic combination was much higher in Pediatrics than ENT, even though both clinical departments showed nealy the similar antibiotic prescription rates.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2004

The Guillain-Barre Syndrome(GBS), also called acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and Landry's ascending paralysis, is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves - those outside the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by the rapid onset of weakness and, often, paralysis of the legs, arms, breathing muscles and face. Finally, it leads to respiratory embarrassment and death. There is often a history of antecedent respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Recently one patient was admitted with GBS. This patient was a 30 year-old man with quadriparesis, both facial palsy, numbness of hands and feet, and gait disturbance. After two weeks of oriental medicine and acupuncture treatment most symptoms improved. Therefore, this application of oriental medicine is reported with a plea for further investigation.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.427-450
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• 2012

Objectives : This study examined the factors influencing variation by local areas of antibiotics prescription rate in upper respiratory infections (URI) according to the public reporting. Methods : We used the National Health Insurance Claims Data which the clinics claimed for URI (Korean Standard Classification of Disease, J00 ~ J06) in ambulatory care. The period of analysis was from the first quarter (from January to March) of 2005 to the first quarter of 2007. The number of samples was total 242 local areas that included all clinics (N = 7,942), which prescribed antibiotics for URI in ambulatory care. Results : None of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristic indicators was statistically significant. Among the provider factors, An increase in number of doctors and the average annual antibiotics prescription rate (from 2003 to 2004) for URI by local area were significantly related to an increase of antibiotics prescription rate according to the public reporting. And an increase in number of pediatric clinics, the proportion of clinics less than 5 years since has opened and the average annual fluctuation of antibiotics prescription rate (from 2003 to 2005) were significantly related to a decrease in antibiotics prescription rate by local area according to the disclosure of information. Conclusions : According to the public reporting, the antibiotics prescription rate in clinics had decreased sharply. However, the reduction of antibiotic prescription rate varied in different local areas. The factors influencing variation by local areas in antibiotics prescription rate can be used for establishing effective strategies to reduce variation by region in antibiotics prescription rate.