• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2 s.28
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• pp.269-280
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• 1994

To elucidate the effects of Onkyungtang. after oral administration of Onkyungtang water extract in mice and rats, acute toxicity. analgesic. sedative, estrogenic actions. action on isolated uterine muscle were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The yield of water extract of Onkyungtang was 24.5%, minimum lethal dose was 4,000mg/kg, which rarely had the acute toxicity in mice and rats. 2. The analgesic effects of Onkyungtang by acetic acid induced writhing syndrome in mice were not remarkably observed. 3. The relaxant action of Onkyungtang on oxytocin induced contracted uterine muscle in estrogenized rats were not remarkably observed. 4. The sedative effects of Onkyungtang by hexobarbital sodium induced sleeping time in mice were remarked. 5. Administration of Onkyungtang caused remarkable increase in weight of rat's uterus.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 1982

Acute toxicities of purified ginseng saponin (PGS) in mice, and sbacute toxicities of PGS in rats were investigated. Average lethal doses ($LD_{50}$) of PGS in male mice were 270mg/kg (i.v.), 342mg/kg (i.p.), 505mg/kg (i.m.), 950mg/kg (s.c.), and more than 5,000mg/kg (p.o.), respectively. Results of subacute toxicity of PGS was as follows. Body weight was markedly increased by administration of PGS 7.7mg/kg but side effects were shown by administration of 77mg/kg and above dose. Especially administration of PGS 240mg/kg caused a marked decrease of albumin/globulin ratio, and 28% increase of urea nitrogen in serum, as well as 33% increase of liver weight/body weight ratio.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single dose toxicity with oral administration and genotoxicities of Ssanghwa-tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus. Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, weight changes, lethal doses$(LD_{50})$, and postmortem evaluation were determined by Globally Harmonized Classification System(GHCS) in a single-dose oral toxicity study. In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test was conducted with Ames test by cell proliferation suppression assessment using the cultivated CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) origins. Bacterial reversion assay was performed using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA). In vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mouse bone marrow. Results: No clinical sign was observed and none of the groups with doses up to 2000 mg/kg showed significant acute oral toxicity in the single dose oral administration. None of the sample doses taken during the 6 to 18 hour groups showed significant aberrant metaphases comparing to the negative control group in the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen for Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) or Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537). No significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the micronucleus test. Conclusion: These results indicate that the $LD_{50}$ value of Ssanghwa-Tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus may be over 2000 mg/kg and it have no acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2013

Objectives : Samchulgeonbi-tang (shenzhujianpi-tang) has been prescribed as one of traditional herbal medicine for treatment of stomach diseases since ancient time in Korea. Samchulgeonbi-tang extract was fermented by Lactobacillus spp. for improving the effect. However, the toxicity and safety of fermented Samchulgeonbi-tang (FS) extract were not confirmed. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of FS extract. Methods : To evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of FS extract, several doses of FS extract, 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female ICR mice, respectively. After treatment with FS extract, we observed mortality, general toxicity, behavior and change of body weight for the 14 days. After 14 days of oral administration, all mice were sacrificed and hematological parameters were analyzed from blood serum. Results : In present study, the toxic signs such as mortality or abnormal behaviors by FS extract were not observed. There are no significant differences between FS-treated group and control group in body weight, organ weights, and hematological parameters. Conclusions : The remarkable adverse effects by FS extract were not observed in ICR mice. Also, any death was not occurred at all treated FS doses, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of FS extract may be more than 2000 mg/kg.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of methylcyclohexane (MCH) by a single oral dose in female rats. The test chemical was administered once by gavage to female rats at dose levels 0, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem and histopathological examinations were performed. Treatment-related clinical signs, as evidenced by depression, soft feces, decreased locomotion activity, solid perineal region, crouching position, and anorexia were observed in all treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose level of 5,000 mg/kg, decreased or suppressed body weight gain was found during the study period. At the scheduled necropsy, one case of congestion of the intestine and an increase in the weights of liver and kidney were observed in the 5,000 mg/kg group. Histopathological examinations exhibited an increased incidence of glomerular atrophy, congestion/hemorrhage, and focal degeneration/necrosis in the liver and an increased incidence of congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a single oral administration of MCH resulted in some adverse effects on clinical sign, body weight gain, and organ weight and histopathology in the liver and kidney in female rats. In the experimental conditions, the minimal lethal dose ($LD_{10}$) of MCH was greater than 5,000 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.451-455
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• 2020

This study evaluated acute toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂ ) to juveniles of black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (19.4±2.3 g, 10.7±0.4 cm) and red seabream Pagrus major (74.9±8.2 g, 15.9±1.0 cm). Thirty juveniles for each species were exposed to target ClO₂ concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.125, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/L in triplicate for eight days. Half lethal concentrations for 96 hours were found at 0.14 and 0.24 mg ClO₂/L for black seabream and red seabream, respectively. Red seabream larger than black seabream in body weight appears to be more resistance to chlorine dioxide. However, regardless of species or size, specific loading rates of chlorine dioxide to total fish weight (daily feeding amount of ClO₂/total fish weight) were similar, showing 1.3 and 1.1 g ClO₂/kg fish·day^-1 for black seabream and red seabream.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 1986

To examine safety of Ganoderma lucidum, it was extracted with hot water (Fraction A). After the extract was dialyzed and freeze-dried, a polysaccharide fraction (Fraction B) was obtained and examined for acute and subacute toxicity. In the acute toxicity tests of Fr. A and Fr. B on mice, both agents did not show any serious and lethal effects. The results showed that 50% lethal doses were higher than 5,000 mg/kg. The experiments of oral administration of Fr. A (5,000 mg/kg) to mice for 30 days showed that there were no changes in body weight, hematological features and organ weight.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-43
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of Ssanghwa-tang (Shuanhetang in Chinese, Sou-wa-to in Japanese) in Crl : CD Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat though the current regulatory guideline. Methods : In this study, 10 rats of each sex were randomly assigned to two groups of 5 rats each and were administrated singly by gavage at dose levels of 0 and 2000 mg/kg/day of ssanghwa-tang water extract (SHT). After single administration of SHT, mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, gross findings were observed for the 15-day period. Results : Acute toxicity tests revealed that a single oral administration of SHT at dose levels of 2000 mg/kg did not affect clinical signs, body weight, and gross findings, evaluating the safety of SHT. The SHT treatment did not result in any toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes. Conclusions : These results showed that the single oral administration of SHT did not cause any toxic effect at the dose levels of 2000 mg/kg/day in rats. In conclusion, the median lethal dose (LD50) of SHT was considered to be over 2000 mg/kg/day body for both sexes.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.427-433
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• 1998

The acute and genetic toxicity of DK1002 was subjected in this study. DK1002 which is a morphine-like new drug candidate synthesized by Dong-Kook Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. is now under developing as a analgesics that have better drug efficacy and least addictive property. In acute toxicity study, the 50% lethal doses ($LD_{50}$) of DK1002 were determined as>2000mg/kg (p.o.), 237.0mg/kg(i.p.), 57.5mg/kg(i.v.), and 1266.9mg/kg (s.c.). And also, to study the genotoxicity of DK1002, we performed bacterial reversion assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and in vitro chromosomal aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung cells in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. In vivo micronucleus assay using mouse bone marrow cells was also performed. From these results, DK1002 was revealed nonmutagenic potential in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA537 both in the absence and presecne of metablic activation system. No clastogenicity of DK1002 was observed in chromosomal aberration assay in vitro as well as in micronucleus assay in vivo.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.534-539
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of Leuconostoc citreum GJ7 (Leu. citreum GJ7), a lactic acid bacterium isolated from Kimchi, in ICR male and female mice. The test article was administered to the mice orally or intraperitoneally. Mortality rates, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 2 weeks following administration. The results showed that in 50% of the cases, lethal doses ($LD_{50}$) of Leu. citreum GJ7 were determined as >5, 000 mg/kg (p.o.) and >2500 mg/kg (i.p.) in both sexes. There were no significant changes in general conditions, body weights clinical signs and any gross lesions between vehicle control and Leu. citreum GJ7-treated groups. Hence, it is suggested that Leu. citreum GJ7 does not induce any significant acute toxicity in ICR mice.