• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used BFR (brominated flame retardants) as a reactive flame retardant in printed circuit boards, and as additive applications in several types of polymers. The purpose of this study is to assess the adverse effects of TBBPA on the benthic amphipod (Hyalella azteca). Results on the acute toxicity of TBBPA using Hyalella azteca showed that NOEC and LOEC are 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, respectively. In addition, when chronic toxicity of TBBPA was investigated at the concentration ranges between 0.01 to 100mg/kg, it was found that NOECs are $10mg/kg(fecundity){\sim}100mg/kg(viability)$, respectively. Significant fecundity inhibition was appeared at 100mg/kg of TBBPA, however, this concentration did not show severe adverse effect on weight increment. The values of PNEC were determined as 0.1mg/kg (fecundity) and 1mg/kg (lethal effect), respectively, using a safety factor suggested by EU and OECD.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2011

Objective: Leejung-tang (Rechu-to in Japanese) is a traditional Korean herbal formula used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as vomiting, stomach pain, chronic gastritis and gastrointestinal ulceration. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of Leejung-tang water extract (LJT) by a single oral dose in Crl:CD (SD) rats in compliance with current guidelines. Methods: In the preliminary study, there were no adverse effects such as death, clinical signs, and body weight changes at dose levels of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day body weight. Based on the results, a dose of 2000 mg/kg was selected as the toxicological limited dose. LJT was administered once by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0 and 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. During the study period, mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were observed for 14 days following the administration. On day 14 after the treatment, the animals were sacrificed by carbon dioxide overdose and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. Results: In present study, no treatment-related deaths were observed. There were no adverse effects on clinical signs and body weight changes. In addition, there were no observed gross findings in all groups except for a kidney cyst in the 2000 mg/kg/day female group. Conclusion: The results indicated that LJT did not induce toxic effects at a dose level up to 2000 mg/kg in rats and its median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) was considered to be over 2000 mg/kg/day body weight for both genders.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2005

This study was conducted to obtain the acute information of the oral dose toxicity of Polycan - originated from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 (half of the dry material is -1,3/1,6-glucans), a UV induced mutant of A. pullulans, having various pharmacological effects, in male and female mice. In order to calculate $50\%$ lethal dose $(LD_{50})$, approximate LD and target organs, test article was administered twice by oral gavage to male and female ICR mice at total 1000, 500 and 250mg/kg. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after dosing. As the results, we could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, changes in the body weight and gross findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the Polycan is non-toxic in mice and is therefore likely to be safe for clinical use. The L050 and approximate $(LD_{50})$ in mice after single oral dose of Polycan were considered over 1000 mg/kg, respectively.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.650-657
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• 2011

The object of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Taraxaci Herba (Dried total parts of Taraxacum platycarpum. H.Dahlstedt (Compositae)), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD 50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 mg/kg according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. After single oral treatment of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents at body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations. Except for slight soft feces, which were detected in male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts at 1 day after end of treatment. The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD 50 and ALD of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. However, it also observed that the possibility of digestive disorders, like diarrhea when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of Taraxaci Herba aqueous extracts in the present study, but these possibilities of digestive disorders can be disregard in clinical use because they ate transient in the highest dosages male only.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2017

유채는 십자화과로 분류되는 유지작물로써 전 세계적으로 재배되는 작물이다. 이전 연구결과에서 가뭄저항성을 증대시키는 것으로 보고된 애기장대의 ${\beta}$-glucosidase 1 (AtBG1) 유전자를 도입함으로써 가뭄저항성 형질전환 유채를 개발하였다. 새로 개발된 형질전환 작물들은 그 이용에 대한 안전성에 대하여 어떠한 정보도 제공되지 않기 때문에 작물의 안정성에 대한 증명이 필수적이다. 이러한 안정성 평가는 작물의 역사적 사용과 과학적 증거를 기초로 한다. 이번 연구에서는 AtBG1이 도입된 형질전환 유채의 급성투여독성시험을 통하여 암수 마우스 각각에서 한계투여 용량을 확인하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 OECD의 급성독성의 권고안에 따라 AtBG1 단백질을 암수 각각 5마리의 ICR 마우스에 몸무게 1 kg 당 2,000 mg을 부형제에 녹여 강제구강투여 하였다. 투여일부터 14일 동안 운동성, 병리학적 이상, 몸무게를 측정하였고 마지막 14일에는 안락사 후에 부검을 통해 AtBG1 투여군과 비투여군의 차이를 확인하였다. 이상의 실험을 통하여 AtBG1 단백질이 운동성, 병리학적 이상, 몸무게 및 부검 결과에서 대조구와 실험구, 두 그룹간의 특이적인 차이를 보이지 않음을 확인하였다. 또한 AtBG1 단백질은 급성독성의 측면에서 안전한 물질로 판단되며, 한계허용치 용량이 2,000 mg을 상회함을 확인하였다. 따라서, 이는 차후 AtBG1 도입 유채의 인체위해성 평가 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.203-225
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• 1997

Jihwangbakhotang(地黃白虎楊) is made by Li Je Ma, the creator of the Four Constitutional Medicine. Single and 13 weeks oral repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes to elucidate the potential acute and subchronic toxicity of JBT extract and reversibility of any effects. In the single dose study, JBT extract was administered orally to rats with the dose of 2 g/kg and 8 g/kg. In the long term administration of 13 weeks, the JBT extract of 125 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, 2000 mg/kg/day was administered to rats. The change of blood weight, urine volume, electrolyte in urine, hematological change, the change of blood chemistry, autopsy finding, and histological observation were researched, the results were as follows; 1. The lethal dose of JBT extract seems to be over 10 g/kg, the single administration of JBT extract 8 g/kg showed no toxical signs except little increase of urine volume. 2. The change of body weight had the trend of decrease in the group of, but has no significance, and also the consumption of food and water had no changes. 3. The hematological changes induced by the 13 weeks administration of JBT extract showed the significance in the item of Hb, MCH, MCV, WBC in the group of 125 mg/kg/day. 4. In the test of blood chemistry, total cholesterol showed little decrease and A/G ratio showed little increase, but the change was not clear, and the standard error was large. So the result was obtained insignificantly and the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed. 5. In the male group after recovery period, the level of cholesterol and triglyceride decreased slightly, but the result was not significant. 6. In the urine test, the little change of electrolyte was appeared, but it seemed not to be the result induced by the toxicity of JBT extract. 7. In each group of male and female rats, the weight change of organ and the serum histological changes was observed, but the result did not showed the dose dependent toxicity. So the toxicity of JBT extract was not regarded. In the conclusion, the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed in the single dose treatment and long term repetitive administration of JBT extract.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.100-105
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• 1997

DW-166HC ($^{166}$Holmium-chitosan) is a complex of $^{166}$Ho, $\beta$- and $\gamma$-ray emitter, and chitosan, a polymer of glucosamine, with radiotherapeutic potential. The current study was performed to determine the acute toxicities of $^{165}$Ho-chitosan in mice by two different routes of administration. The both sex mice were given a single intravenous bolus injection of $^{165}$Ho-chitosan complex at doses of 12, 10, 6, 5 and 4 mg/kg or subcutaneous administration at doses of 600, 500, 400 and 300 mg/kg. Chitosan was dosed to control animals as 16 and 800 mg/kg, intravenously and subcutaneously, respectively. The doses of $_{165}$Ho-chitosan complex were expressed as $_{165}$holmium nitrate pentahydrate and the ratio of $^{165}$Ho$(NO_3)_3$).$5H_2O$ to chitosan was 3/4 Severe convulsion and respiratory failure were followed by death within 10 min after intravenous dosing. Transient unilateral hindlimb hypokinesias were found in two mice of 5 mg/kg dosing group during the study period. No abnormalities were observed during the necropsy of survived animals in intravenous dosing group. Only one male animal was found dead in 500 mg/kg subcutaneously dosed group. Alopecia with or without cutaneous ulcer were found in most mice including control animals. During necropsy, omental adhesion was observed in all dose ranges and enlarged spleen was found in several animals including control group. It is suggested that the acute intravenous >).$LD_{50}s$ for male and female mice were 4.90 and 6.03 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest lethal dose in male was 500 mg/kg by subcutaneous administration.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.320-325
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• 2009

단회 경구 투여 독성 평가를 위해 암 수 rat을 이용하여 시험물질 2,000 mg/kg과 5,000 mg/kg을 투여한 후 14일 동안 관찰한 결과, 투여에 기인한 사망례 및 체중변화, 특이한 일반증상은 관찰되지 않았다. 암컷 대조군 및 시험물질 2,000 mg/kg 투여군에서 투여 1일에 연변외 점액변이 관찰되었으나, 이는 투여에 기인한 일시적인 변화로 사료된다. 투여 2일부터는 암컷 대조군과 시험물질 투여군에서 특이한 일반증상이 관찰되지 않았다. 부검 시 암컷 대조군 및 암 수 시험물질 투여군에서 투여에 기인한 것으로 판단되는 육안소견은 관찰되지 않았다. 수컷 대조군 1례의 부검결과, 부고환, 정낭 및 양측 고환에서 소형 소견 관찰되어, 조직병리학적 검사를 실시한 결과, 부고환, 정낭 및 고환의 위축 소견이 관찰되었으나, 이는 자연 발생적인 소견으로 사료된다. 이상으로 공액리놀렌산이 함유된 디글리세라이드 식용유지 조성물을 rat에 단회 경구투여한 결과, $LD_50$값이 rat kg당 5,000 mg 이상으로 판단되며, 단회 경구 투여에 대한 독성을 나타내지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 항비만 효과를 조사하기 위해 obese Zucker rat에 saline, soybean oil, DG, DG+CLA를 8주간 투여한 후 효과를 비교하였다. 체중변화의 경우 DG+CLA 투여군은 대조군에 비하여 투여 후 3주째부터 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 체중 감소를 나타냈다. 1일 식이효율측정의 결과, soybean oil, DG 및 DG+CLA 투여군이 대조군에 비하여 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 1일 식이 효율의 증가를 나타냈다. 혈중지질분석의 결과, 총콜레스테롤 수치에서 soybean oil, DG 및 DG+CLA 투여군 모두 대조군에 비하여 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 총콜레스테롤 함량이 감소되었으며, 중성지방 수치는 soybean oil 및 DG 투여군에서만 대조군에 비하여 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 감소되었다. 지방조직무게 측정 결과, DG+CLA 투여군은 신장주위지방무게를 제외한 부고 환주위지방, 갈색지방 및 내장지방무게에서 대조군과 비교하여 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 지방조직무게가 감소되었다. 이상의 결과로 obese Zucker rat에 대한 5 mL/kg의 DG+CLA 경구투여는 CLA의 주요 이성질체인 c9, t11-CLA와 t10, c12-CLA가 hormone sensitive lipase와 carnitine palmitoyl transferase의 활성을 증가시켜 지방 분해를 촉진시켜 체내 지방의 축적을 막으며, 중성지방 콜레스테롤과 같은 지질 대사에 영향을 주어 항비만 효과를 나타내는 것으로 사료되어진다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2011

Organic pollution causes eutrophication and dystrophication, which occur when excessive amounts of organic matter enters seawater. Eutrophication can contaminate sediment and harm aquaculture. Polychaeta species have been shown to restore eutrophic sediment. In this study, we used peptone to simulate a eutrophic environment and detect the levels at which eutrophication became toxic to the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis. Peptone concentrations were 0, 100, 200, and 500 mg/L. The median lethal concentrations were 950.35 mg/L at 48 h, 340.34 mg/L at 72 h, and 120.22 mg/L at 96 h, which are much higher than those of other aquatic species. Polychaeta species are highly tolerant of eutrophication. During the 15-day long-term experiment, sediment loss on ignition, as well as seawater total organic carbon and total nitrogen all decreased significantly (P<0.05). However, $NH_4^+$ concentration increased with time. Perinereis aibuhitensis slowed the increment of $NH_4^+$ but could not prevent its increase. Our results indicate that this polychaete is helpful in the recovery of seawater and sediment from eutrophication.

• 약학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.173-179
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• 1992

The rhizoma of Zingiber officinale has been used as antiemetic, expectorants, stomachache relieving drugs and digestive accelerators. From the observation of antigastritic action of the methanol extract of the rhizoma, it was fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol, followed by bioassay on antigastritic and antiulcerative activity. The hexane and the chloroform fraction reduced significantly HCl ethanol induced gastric lesion at the dose of 370 and 210 mg/kg, p.o., respectively. On the gastric ulceration and gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats, the hexane fraction decreased the volume of gastric secretion and acid output, and also increased pH at the dose of 370 mg/kg, i.d.. It showed considerable curative ratio of acetic acid induced ulcer without inhibition of indomethacin induced gastric lesion. The methanol extract showed low acute toxicity with minimum lethal dose of more than 3000 mg/kg, p.o. in mice. In conclusion, Zingiberis rhizoma exhibited antigastric and antiulcerative activity which might be attributable to inhibition of gastric secretion. It is revealed that the active component may be present in the hexane fraction.