• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2011

살균소독제, 라미아-킬(benzalkonium chloride(20%), citric acid(20%))에 대하여 랫드와 토끼를 이용하여 급성경구독 성과 피부 자극성 평가를 각각 수행하였다. 랫드에 라미아-킬 2,000 mg/kg 농도를 최고농도로 하여 단회 투여 후, 14일간 관찰한 결과, 사망, 이상증상 및 체 중변화 등은 관찰되지 않아, 라미아-킬의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg 이상으로 추정되었다. 토끼의 등 부위의 털을 제거하고 찰과부위와 비찰과 부위에 여러 농도로 라미아-킬을 도포 한 후, 피부 자극성을 확인한 결과, 라미아-킬의 l차 자극 지수가 0.50으로 비자극성 물질로 분류되었다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통하여, 라미아-킬은 급성경구독성 시 안전한 물질이며, 피부 자극성을 야기하지 않는 물질로 평가되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the potential of 70% ethanol extract from Persicaria nepalensis (PNE) as a cosmetic ingredient by primary skin irritation, ocular irritation, and maximization tests for delayed hypersensitivity in New Zealand white rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. Skin safety study was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of PNE using the primary irritation test. In the primary irritation test, 50% PNE was applied to the skin, and no adverse reactions such as erythema and edema were observed at the intact skin sites. Therefore, PNE was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on a primary irritation index of "0.0.". In the ocular irritation test, the 50% PNE applied did not show any adverse reactions in the different parts of rabbit eyes, including the cornea, iris, and conjunctiva. Thus, PNE was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on an acute ocular irritation index of "0.0.". Skin sensitization was tested by the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) using an intradermal injection of 10% PNE. Edema and erythema were not observed 24 and 48 h after the topical application of PNE in skin sensitization test, which exhibited a sensitization score of "0.0.". Therefore, it can be suggested that P. nepalensis could be used as potential candidates for cosmoceutical ingredients, without any major side effects.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.145-148
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• 2014

To determine whether S-(-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesic acid methyl ester (DHFAME) produced by Beauveria bassiana CS1029 potentially causes acute skin irritation as a cosmetic ingredient, a skin toxicity test was conducted as recommended for compliance with Korea Food and Drug Administration regulations. New Zealand White rabbits were treated with 100 mg/dose of DHFAME according to standard guidelines. No significant skin lesions or inflammation was observed in the DHFAME-treated group. Furthermore, DHFAME did not appear to cause skin irritation, as assessed by clinical observation of the rabbits. Thus, when taken together, the present results suggest that DHFAME is a promising potential cosmetic ingredient that does not irritate the skin.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.641-645
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• 2004

단회경구독성시험에서 미더덕 및 멍게 유래 crude콘드로이틴황산의 LD$_{50}$는 2g/kg 이상으로서 판명되어, 단회경구독성 측면에서 는 안전한 원료로 판단되었다. 비록 기니픽을 이용한 감작성시험은 미더덕 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산만을 사용하여 실시하였고, 시험 농도는 GAGs의 임상 사용 예정량이 0.03∼0.15%임을 고려하여 inductiuon 농도는 임상사용 예정량의 10배인 3.0%, challenge 적용 농도를 0.3% 이하로 잠정 설정하여 3.0%, 0.3%, 0.03%농도에서 실시하였다. 그 결과 0.03% 및 0.15% 농도에서는 반응을 나타낸 개체가 없었으나, 양성대조군과 비교할 때 0.3% 농도에서는 24시간 후에는 10% 그리고 48시간 후에는 5%의 반응율을 나타냈지만 사용가능범위에 해당되어 미더덕의 GAGs은 감작성 측면에서 안전성이 높은 원료로 0.3%이하 농도에서는 사용 가능하다고 판단되었다. 토끼를 이용한 안점막 자극시험에서는 미더덕과 멍게 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산 및 bovine trachea 콘드로이틴황산의 3.0% 적용 시 모두 A.O.I.가 기준치 이하로 나타나 실제 사용 시 눈에 자극성이 없음이 판명되었다. 토끼를 이용한 피부일차자극 시험에서는 미더덕 및 멍게 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산을 3.0% 및 1.5%는 무자극을 보였지만, 멍게 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산에서는 미약하게 보이던 피부반응이 미더덕 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산에서는 3.0% 적용에서 다소 강한 반응을 보였다. 광독성 및 광감작성을 위한 UV 흡광 실험결과 미더덕 및 멍게 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산과 대조군으로서 사용한 표품 콘드로이틴황산 모두 자외선영역(280∼420 nm)에서 흡광을 보이지 않아서 광독성 및 광감작성 시험을 시행하지 않았다. 실험동물을 사용하여 조사한 결과 화장품 원료로서의 미더덕 및 멍게 유래 crude 콘드로이틴황산은 3.0% 이내에서는 사용이 안전함이 증명되었고, 멍게가 미더덕 유래의 콘드로이틴황산에 비교하여 생체반응에 나은 것으로 나타났다.다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Signal transduction in Toxicology
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• pp.134-134
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• 2001

Cutting oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, comprising of certain fractions of mineral oil, which are being frequently used as lubricating and heat transferring agents in various machine and tool industries. We investigated an acute and 2 weeks repeated irritation studies of two cutting oils (Cimperial 1010 as water-soluble cutting oil, and MSN 120 as insoluble cutting oil) using guinea pigs.(omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1991

Prodrugs of flurbiprofen, 1,2-ethanediolester(FE) and 1,4-butanediolester(FB) were prepared and their biopharmaceutical studies were performed. The prodrugs showed high stability in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid and pancreatin-saturated solution. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the prodrugs were similar to those of their parent drug. However they showed less acute toxicity and gastric irritation and higher anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 1999년도 IFSCC . ASCS 학술대회 발표 논문
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

A novel retinol derivative, polyethoxylated retinamide (Medimin A) was synthesized, as an anti-aging agent. Collagen synthesis, skin permeation, stability, and toxicity of Medimin A were evaluated and compared with those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of [$^3H$]-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area: $1, 766{\;}\textrm{cm}^2$) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used The stabilities of retlnoids were evaluated at two different temperature ($25{\;}^{\circ}C$ and $40{\;}^{\circ}C$) and under UV in solubilized state and in OW emulsion. To estimate the safety, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, acute eye irritation and human patch test were performed The effect of Medimin A on collagen synthesis was similar to that of retinol. The skin permeability of Medimin A was higher than those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. The Medimin A was more stable than retinol and retinyl palmitate. Medimin A was nontoxic in various toxicological tests. These results suggest that Medimin A would be a good anti-aging agent for enhancing bioavailability and stability.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2011

Human occupational exposure to n-hexane has been associated with neurobehavioral symptoms such as depression, irritablity, acute irritation symptom, concentration disturbance and fatigue. Effects of monoamine oxidase (MAO) B and serotonin transporter receptor (5-HTTR) polymorphisms on the neurobehavioral symptoms were investigated in 70 male workers from TV and computer monitor manufacturing plants exposed to n-hexane. Neurobehavioral symptoms were assessed through a self-reported questionnaire and ambient level of n-hexane was measured by NIOSH method. Blood and urine were collected from each workers to determine the MAO(B), 5-HTTR and urinary 2,5-hexanedione(2,5-HD). The mean concentration of volatile n-hexane was $18.8{\pm}28.8ppm$ and that of urinary 2,5-HD was $1.07{\pm}1.47mg/g$ creatinine. Statistically significant associations with sexual disturbance were age and smoking. The frequencies of MAO(B) AA, AG and GG were 18.6%, 45.7% and 35.7%, respectively, and the frequencies of 5-HTTR ll, ls and ss genotype were 82.9%, 15.7% and 1.4%, respectively. MAO (B) gene polymorphisms had susceptibility to the neurobehavioral symptoms such as fatigue, concentration disturbance, irritability and acute irritation symptom and 5-HTTR gene polymorphism had susceptibility to the sleep disturbance and acute irritation symptom. On multiple logistic regression analysis for the neurobehavioral symptoms, memory disturbance was significantly associated with smoking(OR=6.752, 95% CI=37.46) and drinking(OR=4.033, 95% CI=1.252-12.98), emotional lability was MAO(B) genotype(OR=0.412, 95% CI=0.170-0.996), fatigue (OR=1.011, 95% CI=1.000-1.021) and acute irritation(OR=0.990, 95% CI=0.981-1.000) were working duration and sexual disturbance were significantly associated with age(OR=1.208, 95% CI=1.042-1.399), ambient n-hexane(OR=1.077, 95% CI=1.005-1.154) and 2,5-HD(OR=0.186, 95% CI=0.041-0.841). This finding implies that the MAO (B) and 5-HTTR polymorphisms may affect susceptibility for specific neurobehavioral symptoms associated with n-hexane exposure in workers.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2012

황토유황합제는 우리나라에서 농작물 생산에 살균살충작용을 가지는 것으로 알려져 친환경유기농자재로 널리 사용되고 있으나, 알칼리성이 강하여 작물에 약해를 보일 뿐 아니라 농업자의 피부 및 안점막에 자극성이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있어 제품으로서의 안전성에 대한 우려가 높다. 본 연구에서는 작물의 약해를 저감하기 위해 pH를 조정하여 제조한 황토유황합제 3종(pH 9, pH 10, pH 11)의 인축 급성독성시험을 시행하여 인체 안전성을 확인함으로써 친환경유기농자재 개발시 최적의 제품 선정에 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성경구독성시험 결과 황토유황합제는 $LD_{50}$이 2,000 mg/kg b.w. 이상이었으며, 급성경피독성시험 결과 또한 모두 4,000 mg/kg b.w. 이상인 저자극성으로 분류되었다. 피부 및 안점막자극성 시험 결과에서도 모두 저자극성으로 구분되었으며 pH 9~11 범위에서 제품간 독성분류의 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.56-59
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• 2005

Blister beetles produce cantharidin, which is toxic to people and animals. Cantharidin has been believed to be an aphrodisiac and an abortifacient based on its tendency to cause marked irritation to the genitourinary system leading to priapism in men and pelvic congestion in women for many years. Cantharidin was used by oriental traditional medicine for more than 2000 years. Typical signs related to cantharidin ingestion are gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract irritation, endotoxemia, shock and myocardial dysfunction. Cantharidin is a severe irritant to epithelial linings (gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and skin) and develop systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We report a case of corrosive esophagogastritis and acute renal failure by ingestion of cantharidin.