• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.423-439
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• 2022

The acute dermal and eye irritation tests of Photorhabdus temperata, a symbiotic bacterium of Heterorhabditis megidis Gwangju strain, were carried out in New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), following the guidelines of OECD and Rural Development Administration (RDA) of Korea. In both tests, neither dermal nor eye responses were found from all the P. temperata treated rabbits and the results were classified as non-irritating. That is, erythema, eschar, edema, and any other dermal critical signs were not observed from all the experimental rabbits in the dermal irritation test. In the acute eye irritation test, no clinical signs of cornea, iritis, conjunctiva (redness, edema, lacrima, and chemosis) were observed from all the experimental rabbits. Individual ocular irritation, mean ocular irritation, and acute ocular irritation were calculated as 0.0. The results of dermal and eye irritation studies on P. temperata indicated that this bacterium could be a safe and effective alternative bionematicide against the most serious plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2016

Objectives : Taglisodog-eum(TSE), a poly herbal formula, has been widely used to improve carbuncles by removing inflammation of the lymphatic channels in Traditional Korean Medicine. We previousely reported the action mechanism of TSE on experimental atopic dermatitis and the establishment of formulation for TSE ointment. In this study, we examined the toxicity test on skin and eye irritation by TSE ointment to prove the safety of Taglisodog-eum ointment in clinical use. Methods : Acute skin toxicity of the TSE ointment was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. After dermal administration of TSE ointment(2,000mg/kg), body weight, mortality, and clinical signs of the rats were observed for 14days. Primary skin irritation and ocular irritation tests for TSE ointment were performed in male New Zealand White Rabbits. In dermal and ocular irritation test, body weight, mortality, clinical signs, Primary Irritation Index(P.I.I.), and The Index of Acute Ocular Irritaion(I.A.O.I.) of rabbit were observed after applying at abraded skin and eye balls with Taglisodog-eum ointment. Results : In the results of acute skin toxicity, no significant differences were found in body weight, the clinical sign and the mortality between control and TSE ointment treated group. In primary dermal irritation test, body weight, the clinical sign and the mortality were not significantly changed and Primary Irritation Index(P.I.I.) was 0.8, indicating TSE ointment as weak irritant material. In ocular irritation test, The Index of Acute Ocular Irritaion was 0.0, indicating TSE ointment as non-irritating to the eye of the rabbits. To evaluate toxicity of the TSE ointment in animal test, body weight, the clinical signs, the skin and eye irritation check were conducted; TSE ointment was considered to be weak dermal irritant in test animals. The no response of eye irritation test was observed in this experimental condition. Conclusions : According to the above toxicity test, We consider that this results is helpful for saying about the safety of TSE ointment in clinical use.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.137-140
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• 1995

Saponin isolated from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has been shown to contain a strong anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, several pharmacological properties such as acute toxicity, local irritation and hemolytic activity of Sapindus saponin and its genin component, hederagenirl, were examined. The acute toxicity of Sapindus saponin was very low. Estimated from the LD$_{50}$ values, it showed much weaker toxicity in oral administration than in intraperitoneal injection. Hederagenin gave a very high LD$_{50}$ value even in intraperitoneal injection. Sapindus saponin showed a potent local irritation after topical application, whereas hederagenin did a very weak local irritation. Sapindus saponin also gave a high hemolytic activity.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2010

본 연구는 생리활성이 높은 식물오일의(라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스 및 계피 오일) 친환경 살충소재의 활용가능성을 탐색하고자 급성독성(급성경구독성, 급성경피독성, 피부자극성 및 안점막자극성)시험을 수행하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성경구독성시험결과 라벤더, 레몬 유칼립투스 및 계피 오일의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg bw 이상이었고, 급성경피독성시험결과 모든 시험물질의 $LD_{50}$이 4,000 mg/kg bw으로 나타났다. 피부자극성시험결과 라벤더와 레몬 유칼립투스 오일은 자극성이 없었고, 계피 오일은 중도의 자극성을 나타냈다. 안점막자극성시험결과 라벤더, 레몬 유칼립투스 오일은 자극성이 없었고, 계피오일은 중도의 자극성을 나타냈으나 세척시험 결과 자극성은 없었다. 따라서, 라벤더 및 레몬 유칼립투스 오일은 독성이 낮았으나, 계피 오일은 중도의 피부자극성 및 안점막자극성을 갖는 것으로 평가되었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2011

본 연구는 새롭게 개발된 제초제인 methiozolin의 인체 안전성을 평가하기 위해 급성독성시험을 수행하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성 독성 시험에서 2,000 mg/kg의 용량을 고용량으로 하여 단계적으로 투여한 결과 methiozolin의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg bw 이상이었다. 급성 경피독성시험결과 시험물질을 고용량 4,000 mg/kg을 투여한 결과 별다른 사망동물이 발생하지 않아 시험물질의 $LD_{50}$이 4,000 mg/kg bw 이상으로 나타났다. 피부자극성 시험결과 시험물질의 약한 자극성이 나타났으며, 안점막 자극성 시험결과 약한 자극성이 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과 경구 독성의 경우 methozolin은 GHS 카테고리 IV에 해당하는 물질로 판단된다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 methiozolin은 안전한 제초제로서 추후 만성 독성 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.149-152
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• 1997

This test was performed to evaluate the ocular and skin irritation of EPO (Erythropoietin). The results as follows: 1. Ocular irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes by EPO during experimental period. The acute ocular irritation index(A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index(M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation index(I.O.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively. Therefore we evaluated that EPO was non-toxic to eyes. 2. Skin irritation test There were no observed clinical signs, body weght changes and gross pathologic findings by EPO during experimental period. There were no observed erythema, eschar formation and edema formation on intact and abraded skin treated by EPO. The primary irritation index(P.I.I.) of EPO at dose of 1000U and 10, 000U were 0, respectively and were evaluated none irritating product about skin irritation.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2011

본 연구는 후추출물, 클로브버드, 로즈마리 및 오리가늄오일의 친환경 살충소재의 활용가능성을 탐색하고자 급성경구독성, 급성경피독성, 피부자극성 및 안점막자극성시험을 수행하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성경구독성시험결과 후추추출물, 클로브버드, 로즈마리 및 오리가늄오일의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg bw이상이었고, 급성경피독성시험결과 모든 사험물질의 $LD_{50}$이 4,000 mg/kg bw으로 나타났다. 피부자극성시험결과 후추추출물, 클로브버드 및 로즈마리오일은 자극성이 없었고, 오리가늄오일은 중도의 자극성을 나타냈다. 안점막자극성시험결과 후추추출물과 로즈마리오일은 자극성이 없고, 클로브버드오일은 경도의 자극성을 나타냈으며, 오리가늄오일은 중도의 자극성을 나타냈다. 따라서, 후추와 로즈마리오열은 독성이 낮았으나, 클로브버드오일은 경도의 안점막자극성을 갖고, 오리가늄오일은 중도의 피부자극성과 안점막자극성이 있는 것으로 구분되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.690-694
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• 1995

광범위한 천연항균제로 그 활용이 고려되고 있는 grapefruit 종자추출의 안전성을 검토하기 위하여 급성 경구독성, 피부자극 및 급성 안점막 자극시험을 수행하였다. 실험 흰쥐에 대한 급성 $LD_{50}$값은 3.75g/kg이었으며, 피부에 대한 독성은 약한 편으로 부종 등의병변이 거의 생기지 않았으나 눈에 대한 자극성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of a recombinant human Factor VIII(GC-$\gamma$ AHF) manufactured by Korea Green Cross Company with different technology according to the Regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration (l 998. 12. 3). In acute toxicity test, both genders of Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs were administered intravenously with GC-$\gamma$ AHF of three doses (3,125, 625 and 125 IU/kg), and single dose of 3,125 IU/kg, respectively. No dead animal and abnormal autopsy findings were found in Control and GC-$\gamma$ AHF treated group. Therefore, the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF was conidered to be higher than 3,125 IU/kg in rats and dogs. In the four weeks repeated intravenous toxicity study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF was administrated intravenosly to both genders of rats and dogs with 3 doses (500, 150, 50 IU/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental Period. In addition, no significant GC-$\gamma$ AHF related changes were found in clinical sign, urinalysis and other finding. Statistically changes were observed in hematological, biochemical and organ weight parameters of treated groups: however these changes were not dose dependent. No histopathological lesion were observed in both control and treated animals. Above data suggest that no observed adverse effect level of test materials in rats and dogs might be over 500 IU/kg/day in this study. In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctiva and cornea in rabbits were not observed. The acute ocular irritation index (A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index (M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation Index (I.O.I.) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. In the primary skin Irritation test, the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) oj GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. Therefore, the GC-$\gamma$ AHF is considered not to have the primary skin and eye toxicity in rabbits. In active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test, GC-$\gamma$ AHF and GC-$\gamma$ AHF emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) did not induce any symptom of anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. In passive cutaneous anaphylxis (PCA) test, after sensitization with antisera of GC-$\gamma$ AHF sensitized mice, blue spots were observed on the hypodermis of back of rats, but diameter of each spot was smaller than 5 mm in each test groups except the positive control group. Based on the results of this study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF is not conidered to have any antigenic potential. In conclusion, at levels of up to 500 IU/kg, GC-$\gamma$ AHF did not produce treatment-related toxicity under the conditions of these acute-, four week repeated-toxicity, primary skin and eye toxicity, and antigenicity test.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2012

본 연구는 SD 계통의 랫드에서 국화 염료인 백색국화, 백색국화 잎과 줄기, 황색국화의 급성경구독성 및 피부자극성을 평가하기 위해서 시행하였다. 수컷 랫드에 처치한 물질은 백색국화, 백색국화 잎과 줄기, 황색국화를 각각 1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg를 D.W에 용해시켜 단회 경구 투여하였으며, 수컷 SD rats에 투여 후 14일 동안 관찰하였으며, 피부자극성 시험은 피부의 찰과 및 비찰과부의 대조부, 처치부에 국화 염료를 처치하여 3일 동안 관찰하였다. 단회 경구 투여 및 피부 자극성 시험 후 국화 염료의 안전성을 확인하기 위해 체중과 사료 섭취량, 임상증상, 안과학적 검사, 사망률, 피부자극성을 관찰하고, 랫드 피부에서의 병리조직학적 변화를 관찰하였다. 체중, 사료섭취량, 병리조직학적 변화가 대조군과 비교시 유의적인 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 피부자극성을 확인 한 결과 1차 자극 지수가 0으로 비자극성 물질로 분류되었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 국화에서 추출한 염료가 급성 경구독성 시 안전한 물질이며, 피부 자극성을 야기 하지않는 물질로 평가된다.