• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.585-593
• /
• 1998

In Fourier magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the number of phase encoded signals is often reduced to minimize the duration of the studies and maintain adequate signal-to-noise ratio. However, this results in the well-known truncation artifact, whose effect manifests itself as blurring and ringing in the image domain. In this paper, we propose a new regularization method in the context of a Bayesian framework to reduce truncation artifact. Since the truncation artifact appears in t도 phase direction only, the use of conventional piecewise-smoothness constraints with symmetric neighbors may result in the loss of small details and soft edge structures in the read direction. Here, we propose more elaborate forms of constraints than the conventional piecewise-smoothness constraints, which can capture actual spatial information about the MR images. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed method not only reduces the truncation artifact, but also improves tissue regularity and boundary definition without oversmoothing soft edge regions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.31-49
• /
• 1989

It is of the most urgent necessity to get hydrological time series of long duration for the establishment of rational design and operation criterion for the Agricultural hydraulic structures. This study was conducted to select best fitted frequency distribution for the monthly runoff and to simulate long series of generated flows by multi-season first order Markov model with comparison of statistical parameters which are derivated from observed and sy- nthetic flows in the five watersheds along Geum river basin. The results summarized through this study are as follows. 1. Both two parameter gamma and two parameter lognormal distribution were judged to be as good fitted distributions for monthly discharge by Kolmogorov-Smirnov method for goodness of fit test in all watersheds. 2. Statistical parameters were obtained from synthetic flows simulated by two parameter gamma distribution were closer to the results from observed flows than those of two para- meter lognormal distribution in all watersheds. 3. In general, fluctuation for the coefficient of variation based on two parameter gamma distribution was shown as more good agreement with the observed flow than that of two parameter lognormal distribution. Especially, coefficient of variation based on two parameter lognormal distribution was quite closer to that of observed flow during June and August in all years. 4. Monthly synthetic flows based on two parameter gamma distribution are considered to give more reasonably good results than those of two parameter lognormal distribution in the multi-season first order Markov model in all watersheds. 5. Synthetic monthly flows with 100 years for eack watershed were sjmulated by multi- season first order Markov model based on two parameter gamma distribution which is ack- nowledged to fit the actual distribution of monthly discharges of watersheds. Simulated sy- nthetic monthly flows may be considered to be contributed to the long series of discharges as an input data for the development of water resources. 6. It is to be desired that generation technique of synthetic flow in this study would be compared with other simulation techniques for the objective time series.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.314-318
• /
• 2018

This study is influenced by the artificial intelligence based IOT which is emerging in the fourth industrial age. Also, at the time when the elderly population is soaring in the age of aging, the new knowledge and information literacy ability of the elderly population will be focused on the adaptation of the elderly people due to the ICT education effect. The purpose is to find out. The results of this study are as follows. First, it can be concluded that IT education has positive effects on digital capacity and quality of life of elderly generations and on actual IOT - based web mobile use. However, there were differences in competency depending on the existence and duration of information education and the division according to various criteria such as occupation and education, and accordingly, the provision of customized education in the fourth industrial age and quality of life, It also provides a comprehensive discussion and course presentation in the direction.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.229-243
• /
• 1997

Especially in NICU(Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), handwashing is an important factor in decresing nosocomial infections due to reduced immunity, prematurity and various invasive procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the basic characteristics related to handwashing by NICU nurses. It was composed of three parts ; questionnaire survey I (genoral characteristics of handwashing), questionnaire survey II(the awareness degree of handwashing importance) and actual performance. This study was performed from Oct. 8 to 14 in 1994. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Frequency of handwashing were different by shift of working about 47.1% of the respondents. They were washing most frequently during day-shift about 75% of above. According to self evaluation to handwashing frequency, 64.7% of the respondents said their frequency of handwashing was inadequate, because of being too busy.(45.1%), bothering caused by detergent or disinfectant(17.6%), and too far from handwashing facilities(17.6%). 2. The most common handwashing agent was soap(88.2%), 52.9% of the subjects experienced adverse effects after handwashing ; rough hand(44.5%), dryness(33.3%) All subjects washed their hands with running water, and 70.6% of the subjects washed upto wrist. In duration of handwashing, 52.9% of subjects washed hands 5 to 10 seconds, 29.5% of them did 11 to 15 seconds. 3. 29.4% among subjects had participated to take in the handwashing educational program. About 60% responded they would like to take the course of handwashing if possible. 4. The important nursing activities that need handwashing were chaning of caring ostomy, suctioning, chaning IV dressing site. On the other hand, they responded handwashing was not essential before dealing with omitus, before and after transfering machine, before chaning diaper(stool) 5. Handwashing performance was 61.7%. Among seven nursing activities, suctioning(73.4%) was the highest, the next was dealing with discharge or sampling(71.1%), the lowest was bathing(34.6%). The performance was better after(70.2%) nursing activities that before(52.5%), and day(63.6%) or evening(68.3%) shift than night(56.7%)

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.151-163
• /
• 2015

In this study, we aim to describe kinematic characteristics of Korean /l/-flapping in two speech rates (fast vs. comfortable). Production data was collected from seven native speakers of Seoul Korean (four females and three males) using electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMMA), which provided two dimensional data on the x-y plane. We examined kinematic properties of the vertical/horizontal tongue tip gesture, the vertical/horizontal (rear) tongue body gesture, and the jaw gesture in an /i/-/i/ context. Gestural landmarks of the vertical tongue tip gesture are directly measured. This serves as the actual anchoring time points to which relevant measures of other trajectories referred. The study focuses on velocity profiles, closing/opening spatiotemporal properties, constriction duration, and constriction minima were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows. First, gradiently distributed spatiotemporal values of the vertical tongue tip gesture were on a continuum. This shows more of a reduction in fast speech rate, but no single instance of categorical reduction (deletion). Second, Korean /l/-flapping predominantly exhibited a backward sliding tongue tip movement, in 83% of production, which is apparently distinguished from forward sliding movement in English. Lastly, there was an indication of vocalic reduction in fast rate, truncating spatial displacement of the jaw and the tongue body, although we did not observe positional variations with speech rate. The present study shows that Korean /l/-flapping is characterized by mixed articulatory properties with respect to flapping sounds of other languages such as English and Xiangxiang Chinese. Korean /l/ flapping demonstrates a language-universal property, such as the gradient nature of its flapping sounds that is compatible with other languages. On the other hand, Korean /l/-flapping also shows a language-particular property, particularly distinguished from English, in that a backward gliding movement occurs during the tongue tip closing movement. Although, there was no vocalic reduction in V2 observed in terms of jaw and tongue body height, spatial displacement of these articulators still suggests truncation in fast speech rate.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 1993

It is desirable to utilize the result after studying the rainfall characteristics including the latest observation data in the districts for the sake of establishment of the more accurate plans for drainage or plans for hydraulic stuctures because the rainfall phenomena are different in their characteristics by regional groups and if we make a meteorological observation for a long period of time, the rainfall characteristics also change a great deal as compared with the preceding years. Therefore, we selected only the annual maximum rainfall from the self-recording rain gauge of the main rainfall observation station (Cheju, Sogwipo, Songsanpo) in the Cheju districts in the last twenty years, extracted the rainfall by actual measurement by the rainfall duration, and induced the optimal probable rainfall-intensity formulas by regional groups in the Cheju districts, taking advantage of the rainfall formulas being in wide use in general, that is, Talbot type, Sherman type, Japanese type, and new Semi-log type. As the result, the return periods at Cheju station appeared to be three years to five years and the optimal probable rainfall-intensity formula at Cheju station, Japanese type and outside the city, Talbot type; Sogwipo, Sherman type; Songsanpo, Talbot type respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.396-405
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to reduce safety accidents among food employees in contracted foodservice management companies, and to help provide high-quality foodservice and assistance. For this, a survey on the different opinions of workplace safety and education by employment type and employee perceptions of environment and safety at foodservice operations was carried out. The analysis showed that among the workers many women were irregular employees. For average age, between 40 and 49 was the most frequent, and for work duration, under one year was highest. Both regular employees and irregular employees deemed "enough staff" as the most major factor for good foodservice. The regular employees and irregular employees thought "high indoor temperatures and poor ventilation in the kitchen area" and "bad work cooperation between employees" as the main problems of foodservice operations, respectively. For satisfaction with the efficiency of foodservice production system, irregular employees had higher satisfaction than regular employees. Both regular employees and irregular employees thought "the number of foodservice employees" as the foremost improvement for safety-accident prevention and work-stress improvements. Regular employees, more than irregular employees, thought improvements in foodservice production systems would have a large affect on safety-accident prevention and work-stress improvements of food workers. Both regular employees and irregular employees thought "foodservice employees' safety consciousness" was an important part of safety-accident prevention. Likewise, they responded that "lectures by the person in charge of safety education" was a good methods of safety education, and "once a month" was the best period for safety education. For the difference in perceptions of environment and safety in foodservice systems, regular employees had a higher perception of safety than irregular employees.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.355-365
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the food sanitation awareness and performance of foodservice industry employees. Based on a literature review, a questionnaire was developed to identify the food sanitation education, experience, knowledge, and food sanitation practices of the employees. A total of 376 Korean food industry employees participated, and there were 344 usable questionnaires. In the analysis of food sanitation knowledge, the statements "clip fingernails short and do not use nail polish", and "if feeling sick, even with a minor cold, speak to your supervisor immediately", had the highest and lowest percentages of correct answers, respectively. In assessing employee sanitary management practices, many correctly acknowledged "clip fingernails short and do not use nail polish" and "wash hands after using the toilet", which received high scores; however, "use hands to pick up ice" and "if feeling sick, even with a minor cold, speak to your supervisor immediately" had low scores. The sanitary knowledge and practice levels of the employees were not significantly different according to gender, age, work area, job title, or duration of duty. Among the surveyed industries, employees of special restaurants had the least sanitary knowledge(p<0.05) and practice scores(p<0.001). Employees who had worked for $1{\sim}3$ years presented the least sanitary management practice level scores(p<0.05).). In addition, college students and participants without hygiene educational experience showed the least levels of sanitary knowledge(p<0.01). Scores for sanitary management practice were higher when hygiene education was regularly conducted more than once per month. Employees showed significantly higher knowledge and sanitary management practice levels when they were required to use a sanitary checklist(p<0.001), and employees who were trained in HACCP had significantly higher sanitary checklist scores(p<0.05). In foodservices that applied HACCP, the employees showed higher knowledge and sanitary management practice levels(p<0.001).

• Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.124-134
• /
• 2018

In this study, when the stability of the structure against the ocean wave is considered for designing the offshore structures in the Pacific, Indian ocean and Atlantic regions where the cyclone is largely generated, the ocean wave caused by the cyclone as well as the storm surge which called wind induced wave shall be predicted accurately for the purpose of judgment. The predicted wind induced wave was evaluated by comparing the outcome results the model test of Nobuhiro Matsunaga (1996) and Conventional Experiment forms such as Jonswap spectral forms(Carter, 1982), Simplified Donelan / Jonswap forms(Wilson 1965), Donelan spectral forms(Donelan 1980), Revised SPM forms(Schafer Lake 2005, 2007, 2008), SPM forms(CERC 1977), the CEM forms(Kazeminezhad et al., 2005), SMB forms(Sverdrup Munk and Bretschneider 1947,1954, 1970), and Revised Wilson forms(Wilson 1965, Goda 2003). Most of these conventional experiment forms confirmed a good match when the fetch length is less than 10 km. However, normal cyclone fetch length is more than 100km, With this fetch length, the comparison result is 10.4% of deviation when used Jonswap spectral forms(Carter, 1982) but the deviation of the other forms is around 74% due to boundary limit of fetch and wind duration. Therefore, in this study, we proposed the revised forms after comparing these results with the model results. We confirmed that the deviation range is around 10% based on revisited experiment forms. Since the model test was carried out in the small water tank, the scale up factor was applied to the mode test results in order to obtain similar results to the actual environment from revisited forms.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.514-520
• /
• 2011

As homework, a total of 32 seventh grade science-gifted students were asked to observe the moon at daily intervals for one month duration. They were also asked to take the photos and to record relevant variables in a given format. The purpose of the task was to investigate what students thought, as they observed the moon. The results show that students paid attention mainly to the position of the moon relative to other variables such as the date in the lunar calendar, the observer's position on the earth, and the position of the sun. Overall students' response implied that students did not observe the lunar phase in relation with relevant variables. Some reponses from students show common misconceptions such as the cause of the lunar phase to reflect the shadow of the earth. However, some responses reveal students' idea that has been rarely reported in the previous researches. For example, some students drew the moon to revolve in the opposite direction. Significant number of students drew the sun's position to be due west before the full moon and due east after the full moon. Few students recognized the relation between the time of observation and observer's position on the earth. The results of current research suggest that not only the education but also the research needs to be expanded to consider informal environment such as the actual field conditions.