• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.216-223
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• 1998

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) represent the unique enzymatic system degrddinf cAMP and cGMP which play a major role in the regulation of cell physiology. To investigate a possible molecular mechanism of ginsenosides, their activities were evaluated on PDEs which are recently described is new therapeutic targets. PDEs are classified into 7 families according to their genes (PDEI to PDE7) and are differently distributed in tissues. The IC50 values of ginsenosides were determined on PDEI to PDE 5 chromatographically isolatetl from bovine aorta. The results show that total ginseng saponin extract preferentially inhibits PDE 1 and PDE4 at concentrations nearby 200 ug/ml. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) fraction acts preferentially on PDE4 with and IC50 value of 100 nlml and inhibits also PDEI and PDE5 at 14 to 2 fold higher concentrations, respectively. Protopanaxatriol (PPT) fraction preferentially inhibits PDE 1 with and IC50 value of 170 ug/ml. Compound Rgl, originated from PPT fraction, and RC3 (5) represent the most active compounds towards PDE 1 with IC50 values around 80 UM. However Rg3 (R), epimer of Rgl (5) has no effect on the various PDEs tested, excepted on PDE3 rich is sligthly sensitive Compound Rbl, originated from PPD, acts on both PDEI and PDE4. It if two fold less active than Rgl and Rg3 (5) on PDEI. Taken together, these results mainly suggest that PDEI and PDE4 inhibitions could be a molecular mechanism which would participate in ginsenoside mechanisms, especially the effect of PPD on blood vessel and on CNS.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.2 s.15
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• pp.77-90
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• 1998

This study on the site of vision in the Villa Savoye of Le Corbusier, concentrates on the precise analysis of the meaning of 'fenetre on longueur' in the living room. A lots of architectural theorists have regarded the Villa Savoye of Le Corbusier as a symbol of modern architecture, and his 'fenetre on longueur' as products of modern technology. But Le Corbusier who defined himself as 'homme visuel', responded keenly to the vision conditions inherent to the human finitude, Indifferent to the modern technology, Such a response would be derived from the experience of Acropolis, where 'the scheme was designed to be seen from a distance.' Generally speaking, 'fenetre en longueur', contra to 'porte-fenetre', makes one to focus on the panorama effect of the horizon, including a distant view. Entering the living room of Villa Savoye, however, we may perceive this window in two ways. Firstly this window acts as a screen to obstruct not to see outside, because of the wall above pressing down the line of view. Secondly this acts as a frame to make us see a distant view as far as eye can reach. These two ways result in the abbreviation of near view, and a sudden shift between a inferiority(derived from 'screen effect') and a distant view(from 'frame effect'). Depending on such a observation, this study can evaluate 'fenetre en longueur' internalizing of a distant view as the highest compressed scene of Le Corbusier's architectural poetics.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2012

In this study, as a complementary study of the former study on indoor thermal environment in a tower type apartment house at tropical nights, a field measurement was conducted in winter season. Mainly, characteristics of heat storage and heat emission in apartment structures, in this study, were investigated. As results, indoor air temperature was changed in the range of $22.5^{\circ}C{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, and followed not the change of outdoor air temperature but the changed pattern of floor surface temperature. Wall surface temperature was unresponsive to the change of floor surface temperature compared with the change of indoor air temperature because wall structure was composed of concrete which has large heat capacity, and was changed in the range of $22.3^{\circ}C{\pm}0.6^{\circ}C$. Heat was stored continuously into the structures of wall and ceiling through the measurement term. and this means that a large heat capacity of the apartment structure acts as a disadvantage in winter season, too. As a total review of the study with the former study, a large heat capacity of the apartment structure acts against indoor thermal comfort in winter season as well as in summer season.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-109
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• 2017

Cross-culturally, acts of sharing are recognized as an effective method to initiate and maintain human relationships in real-life situations by promoting continuous reciprocal exchanges between donors and recipients. Specifically, this study examines the effects of sharing a media product from the perspective of the givers, as compared to effects on the receivers. "Gangnam Style," a Korean music video, is of interest because it was spontaneously shared worldwide by young adults who used it as a vehicle to build and strengthen social relationships, among young adults. While both the givers and receivers of the "Gangnam Style" benefited from bridging new relationships, the results of this study found that those who gave "Gangnam Style" benefited more in terms bonding already existing relationships, compared to those who received materials. This study provides further evidence in support of the "sender-effect" paradigm and enhances our understanding of how online sharing contributes to the construction of social capital among the young adults.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

The studies on semiconductor industrial accident in korea have been focused on the frequencies of each type of safety management employee, characteristics, cause and unsafe conditions, acts and so on. Those attributes of semiconductor industrial accidents were usually analyzed independently, so that it was hard to provides a wel-developed process and systematic guidelines for efficient safety management. Therefore, there were a few studies based on comprehensive survey in terms of the shape type of safe management. The questionnaire survey carried out for the 284 workers who were responsible for safety management in center with cooperation companies in semiconductor industry factor analysis showed that there were three factors of safety management. First, investment and operation and management for accident prevention, Second, unsafe act and condition, safety management Third, general human error and behavior. The industries of respondents were correlative with three groups. Three groups showed statistically significant differences on the number of cases. Actually, the group with the larger investment and the more unsafe cause, human error of accidents prevention had a smaller causes of accident cases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.564-568
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• 1999

The 8-hydroxyquinoline Zinc(Znq2) were prepared successfully from zinc chloride and zinc acetate as two kinds of starting material. The organic electroluminescent devices(ELDs) were fabricated by the structure of ITO/TPD/Znq2/Al with N-N'-diphenyl-N-N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine(TPD) which acts hole trasporting layer and bis(8-oxyquinolino) zinc(II)(Znq2) which acts as emission and electron transporting layer. EL efficiency of Znq2 prepared by heating was investigated. The 570nm of main emission peak which is yellowich green was investigated by photo luminesence(PL) and this results shows that electro luminescence(EL) is from Znq2. The V-J curve shows that carrier injection were investigated from 4V. Maximum luminance and luminance efficiency were 1600cd/$\m^2$, 0.9lm/W. From this results, the Znq2 can be one of the useful organic EL material.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2006

An array of surveys was designed to improve current Pesticide Management Law and Acts by investigating farmers' usage of pesticides and by assessing applicability of Plant Protection Certificate to register local pesticide markets or related businesses. This study indicates that most farmers choose pesticide recommended by local pesticide market dealers. This survey also indicates serious misuse or overuse of pesticides by farmers probably due to inappropriate recommendations. To guarantee rational use of pesticides by the end users, most experts in the plant protection areas have realized the importance of the Certificate as a license to register the local pesticide markets. To the end, current Pesticide Management Laws and Acts need to be revised to ask pesticide-dealing workers to take the Plant Protection Certificate.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.57-63
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• 2006

One of the various signaling agents in the animal cells is the simple ion called calcium, $Ca^{2+}$.$Ca^{2+}$ controls almost everything that animals do, including fertilization, secretion, metabolism, muscle contractions, heartbeat, learning, memory stores, and more. To do all of this, $Ca^{2+}$ acts as an intracellular messenger, relaying information within cells to regulate their activity. In contrast, the maintenance of intracellular high $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations caused by various excitatory agents or toxins can lead to the disintegration of cells (necrosis) through the activity of $Ca^{2+}$-sensitive protein-digesting enzymes. High concentrations of calcium have also been implicated in the more orderly programs of cell death known as apoptosis. Because this simple ion, acts as an agent for cell birth, life and death, to coordinate all of these functions, $Ca^{2+}$ signalings should be regulated precisely and tightly. Recent reports have shown that ginsenosides regulate directly and indirectly intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level with differential manners between neuronal and non-neuronal cells. This brief review will attempt to survey how ginsenosides differentially regulate intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling mediated by various ion channels and receptor activations in neuronal and non-neuronal cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.285-290
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to prove how magnetic field (MF) acts on sympathetic neuro-transmissions using thermal response. Mice were divided into two groups and each one was exposed to MF (20 G, 24 hrs) or sham. Every vehicle or drugs were treated a half hour before the thermal response test. The pain threshold was lowered by MF (20 G, 24 hrs) alone. This reduction of pain threshold by MF was not blocked by a single treatment of $\alpha$-receptor antagonist (prazosin), $\alpha$$_2$-receptor agonist (clonidine, guanabenz), $\beta$$_1$-receptor antagonist (atenolol) or $\beta$$_1$,$\beta$$_2$-receptor antagonist (propranolol). But administration of $\alpha$$_2$-receptor antagonist (yohimbine) completely inhibited the decrease in pain threshold by MF. Moreover, it increased by high dose of yohimbine over normal condition. These results suggest that MF acts on sympathetic nerve terminal to induce hyperalgesia, in which pre-synaptic az receptor might be involved.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2021

We previously showed that γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), an enzyme involved in glutathione metabolism, in Bacillus subtilis acts as a virulence factor for osteoclastogenesis via the RANKL-dependent pathway. Hence, it can be hypothesized that GGT of periodontopathic bacteria acts as a virulence factor in bone destruction. Because Fusobacterium nucleatum, which is a periodontopathic pathogen, has GGT with a primary structure similar to that of B. subtilis GGT (37.7% identify), the bone-resorbing activity of F. nucleatum GGT was examined here. Recombinant GGT (rGGT) of F. nucleatum was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using the His tag of rGGT. F. nucleatum rGGT (Fn rGGT) was expressed as a precursor of GGT, and then processed to a heavy subunit and a light subunit, which is characteristic of general GGTs, including the human and B. subtilis enzymes. Osteoclastogenesis was achieved in a co-culture system of mouse calvaria-derived osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Fn rGGT induced osteoclastogenesis to a level similar to that of B. subtilis rGGT; furthermore, osteoclastogenesis was induced in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that F. nucleatum GGT possesses a virulent bone-resorbing activity, which could play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.