• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.479-508
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate the reciprocal movement which was derived form application of active torque in ideal archwire by computer-aided three-dimensional finite element analysis of maxillary teeth and surrounding periodontal ligament composed of 2617 elements and 3725 nodes. Ideal archwire model was also made using the beam elements and the contact between the wire and the bracket slot was made using the gap element. In this study non-linear elastic behaviors of contact between the wire and the bracket slot were considered on. We put the active torque between the lateral and cenral incisor and between the second premolar and the first molar with/without cinch-back. The results were expressed by quantitative and visible ways. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. Reciprocal actions to active torque were complex system consisting of a combination of counter-torque, bucco-lingual linear displacement and tipping, rotation of the teeth, occluso-gingival linear displacement. 2. When active anterior crown labial torque was applied, crown labial tippings of the lateral were the greatest, and those of the central incisor was the next, Crown lingual tippings of the canine and the first premolar, mesial rotations and extrusion of the lateral and distal rotations and intrusion of the canine occurred. When anterior torque with the cinch-back was applied, amount of crown labial tippings of the lateral and central incisor were reduced. Amount of crown lingual tipping of the canine and the first premolar were increased. Mesial tippings and mesial rotations of the second molar occurred. 3. When active posterior crown lingual torque was applied, crown lingual tippings of the first moalr were the greatest, and crown labial tippings of the second premolar and the first premolar were the next, the crown lingual tipping of the second molar were a little. Mesial rotations of the second premolar occurred but those of the first premolar didn't occurred.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권12호
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• pp.2391-2395
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• 2009

Active control schemes which modify the excitation to correct for any of the nonideal characteristics of the SPMSM is described. Especially, because of design limitations(size and cost) in automobile, the back-EMF of SPMSM can't be perfectly designed with sinusoidal wave and iron core of stator is saturated so that torque ripple is unavoidable. An active cancellation method of the pulsating torque components which would otherwise be generated using the classic sinusoidal current excitation is illustrated.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.335-346
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• 2001

본 연구의 목적은 교정치료의 마무리 단계에서 비람직하지 못한 순설측 경사를 가진 한 개 치아의 이동을 원할 때 브라켓 슬롯의 크기와 각형선재의 종류, 크기에 따라 부여하여야 할 적절한 임상적 torque (SWA의 각형선재에서 나머지 편평한 부분과 이동을 위해 변형시킨 부분의 단면이 이루는 각도만큼의 torque)의 양을 구하고자 하는 것이다. 임상적 torque는 play와 active torque(브라켓에 모멘트를 전달할 수 있는 torque)의 합으로 구성되는데, play는 수학적 공식을 이용하여 계산하였고 active torque는 컴퓨터를 이용한 삼차원 유한요소법으로 구하였다. 유한요소모델은 일렬로 배열된 세 개의 브라켓과 여기에 삽입된 stainless steel, TMA , NiTi 이렇게 3가지 종류의 교정용 각형선재로 구성된 다. 양쪽의 브라켓을 일정한 각도로 비틀어서 가운데 브라켓에 발생하는 모멘트를 계산하였다. 선재의 크기는 많이 사용되는 각형선재인 .016"X.022", .017"X.022", .017"X.025", .018"X.025", .019"X.025", .020"X.025". .021"X.025"의 7개로 디자인하였다. .018" 브라켓에는 .016"X.022", .017"X.022", .017"X.025" 선재를 삽입하여 실험하였고, .022" 브라켓에는 .016"X.022" 선재를 제외한 나미지 선재를 삽입하여 실험하였다. 실험으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 삽입된 브라켓 슬롯의 크기에 상관없이 같은 크기와 재질의 교정용 각형선재에 같은 active torque를 가하면 동일한 모멘트가 발생하였다. 2. 선재의 크기가 증가될 수록 동일한 active torque에 의해 발생되는 모멘트의 양은 증가하였다. 실험에 사용한 가장 굵은 선재인 .021"X.033" 선재는 동일한 재질의 가장 가는 .015"X.022" 선재에 비해 약 1.75배 더 큰 torsional stiffness를 가졌다. 3. 선재의 재질에 따라서는 stainless steel, TMA, NiTi순으로 torsional stiffness가 감소하였는데 stainless steel에 비해 TMA는 0.35배, NiTi는 0.16배였다. 4. 브라켓간 거리의 증가와 발생되는 torsional .stiffness는 반비례하였다. 브라켓간 거리의 증가에 의해 감소되는 torsional stiffness의 비율은 선재의 재질과 상관이 있었고 크기에 따라서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 5. 교정치료의 마무리 단계에서 이상적인 순설측 경사이동을 일으키는 임상적 torque의 공식과 값을 구하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2015

Recently, the in-wheel motor vehicle is rapidly developed to solve energy exhaustion and environmental problems. Especially, it has the advantage of independently driving the torque control of each wheel in the vehicle. However, due to the weight increase of wheel, the comfort of vehicle riding and performance of road holding become worse. In this paper, to compensate the poor performance, a simultaneous control of the driving torque and semi-active suspension system is investigated. A vehicle model is generated using CarSim Software and validated by field tests. Co-simulation of CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink with control logics is carried out, and it is found that simultaneous control of the driving torque and semi-active suspension system can improve driving stability and durability of the in-wheel motor system.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2013

In this paper, a new torque predictive control method of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor is developed based on an extended rotor flux. Also, a duty ratio prediction method is proposed and allows the duty ratio of the active stator voltage vector to be continuously calculated. The proposed method makes it possible to relatively reduce the torque ripple under the steady state as well as to remain the good dynamic response in the transient state. With the duty ratio prediction method, the magnitude and time interval of the active stator voltage vector applied can be continuously controlled against the varying operation conditions. This paper shows a comparative study among the switching table direct torque control(DTC), the SVM-DTC, conventional torque predictive control, and the proposed torque predictive control. Simulation results show validity and effectiveness of this work.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1032-1041
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• 2013

This paper investigates control algorithms for a doubly fed induction generator with a back-to-back three-level neutral-point clamped voltage source converter in medium voltage wind power systems under unbalanced grid conditions. Three different control algorithms to compensate for unbalanced conditions have been investigated with respect to four performance factors; fault ride-through capability, instantaneous active power pulsation, harmonic distortions and torque pulsation. The control algorithm having a zero amplitude of torque ripple shows the most cost-effective performance concerning torque pulsation. The least active power pulsation is produced by the control algorithm that nullifies the oscillating component of the instantaneous stator active and reactive powers. A combination of these two control algorithms depending on the operating requirements and the depth of the grid unbalance presents the most optimized performance factors under generalized unbalanced operating conditions leading to high performance DFIG wind turbine systems.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.2234-2241
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• 1993

The torque variation in drilling process represents the problems of the efficient and stable machining. In order to cope with them, the active control method is adopted to drill the workpiece under the constant cutting torque though the cutting stiffness of the workpiece or the diameter of the drill bit changes. The cutting process is modeled in the geometric viewpoint related with the feed and the number of cutting lips. And the dynamic model is approximated to the first order system for the purpose of control. The adaptive PI control is used in computer simulations and experiments. The results of the study show the validity of the drilling method with torque control.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2015

When medium and large induction motors are driven by 2-level inverters with low switching frequency, induction motors provoke deteriorated performances resulted from large torque ripples, flux ripples, and large current distortion. Model predictive torque control(MPTC) for a fast torque control of induction motors is also suffered from large torque ripples when the induction motors are fed by 2-level inverters that are based on 6 active voltage vectors with low switching frequency restricted. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new MPTC method based on both a 12 active voltage vector and an optimized duty ratio calculation. The proposed control strategy illustrates its effectiveness under the various operating conditions through simulation works.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2019

Background/Objectives: This paper proposes a dual mode feedback-controlled cycling system for children with spastic cerebral palsy to rehabilitate upper extremities. Repetitive upper limb exercise in this therapy aims to both reduce and analyze the abnormal torque patterns of arm movements in three- dimensional space. Methods/Statistical analysis: We designed an exercycle robot which consists of a BLDC motor, a torque sensor, a bevel gear and bearings. Mechanical structures are customized for children of age between 7~13 years old and induces reaching and pulling task in a symmetric circulation. The shafts and external frames were designed and printed using 3D printer. While the child performs active/passive exercise, angular position, angular velocity, and relative torque of the pedal shaft are measured and displayed in real time. Findings: Experiment was designed to observe the features of a cerebral palsy child's exercise. Two children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy participated in the experiment and conducted an active exercise at normal speed for 3 sets, 15 seconds for each. As the pedal reached 90 degrees and 270 degrees, the subject showed minimum torque, in which the child showed difficulty in the pulling task of the cycle. The passive exercise assisted the child to maintain a relatively constant torque while visually observing the movement patterns. Using two types of exercise enabled the child to overcome the abnormal torque measured in the active data by performing the passive exercise. Thus, this system has advantage not only in allowing the child to perform the difficult task, which may contribute in improving the muscle strength and endurance and reducing the spasticity but also provide customizable system according to the child's motion characteristic. Improvements/Applications: Further study is needed to observe how passive exercise influences the movement characteristics of an active motion and how customized experiment settings can optimize the effect of pediatric rehabilitation for spastic cerebral palsy.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2002년도 ICCAS
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• pp.90.6-90
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• 2002

An active stick which has the variable force-feel characteristics is developed. A combined position and force control strategy is mechanized using a 2-axis built-in force sensor and LVDT. The 2-axis force sensor which measures the stick force felt by the operator is developed by using strain gages and appropriate instrumental amplifiers. A mathematical model of the active stick dynamics is derived, and compared with the experimental results. The frictional torque of the stick due to the mechanical contacts of several parts makes the experimental frequency responses to be dependent on the magnitude of excitation signal, and the precision closed loop control to be difficult. A friction observe...