• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.144-147
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: It is essential to prioritize the exact and clear understanding of agricultural nonpoint source pollution (NPS) controls. The realistic policies and systems should also be developed based on this understanding. Therefore, this study aimed to present agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) applicable for the fields based on the Delphi survey result. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study deduced the evaluation items to assess each BMP for agricultural NPS control and conducted the surveying using the Delphi method based on agricultural BMP experts. In addition, its on-the-spot application were evaluated. Considering its importance, technical, social and economic proprieties showed that political support was ranked first and followed by cost investment, labor investment, reduction effect and resident participation. The survey findings by agricultural BMP experts showed the good performance of on-the-spot application can be achieved from fertilization by soil testing, residue and green manure application and contour plowing which are applicable within a field. Agricultural BMPs, highly applicable for the fields, were the countermeasures that farmers who are the principal bodies of agricultural NPS control could be participated directly. CONCLUSION: The active participation of farmers is essential for effective control of agricultural NPS. It is necessary to establish various incentive systems.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 2008

Shotcrete is one of the main support materials in tunnelling. Its bonding state on excavated rock surfaces controls the safety of the tunnel: De-bonding of shotcrete from an excavated surface decreases the safety of the tunnel. Meanwhile, the bonding state of shotcrete is affected by blasting during excavation at tunnel face as well as bench cut. Generally, the bonding state of shotcrete can be classified as void, de-bonded, or fully bonded. In this study, the state of the back-surface of shotcrete is investigated using impact-echo (IE) techniques. Numerical simulation of IE technique is performed with ABAQUS. Signals obtained from the IE simulations were analyzed at time, frequency, and time-frequency domains, respectively. Using an integrated active signal processing technique coupled with a Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis, the bonding state of the shotcrete can be evaluated accurately. As the bonding state worsens, the amplitude of the first peak past the maximum amplitude in the time domain waveform and the maximum energy of the autospectral density are increasing. The resonance frequency becomes detectable and calculable and the contour in time-frequency domain has a long tail parallel to the time axis. Signal characteristics with respect to ground condition were obtained in case of fully bonded condition. As the ground condition worsens, the length of a long tail parallel to the time axis is lengthened and the contour is located in low frequency range under 10 kHz.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.6 no.2 s.12
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• pp.21-34
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• 1998

SAR is an active imaging sensor emitting its own energy source and can be operated in all weather conditions. Thus SAR provides data which can not be obtained by an optical sensor. In this study, the potentials and problems of the techniques for DEM extraction from the SAR imagery were evaluated through theoretical researches and practical experiments. And then the accuracy was tested by RMS error between the digitized map contour and the results from this experiment. Here, two types of DEM extraction method were evaluated. One was an analytical photogrammetric technique, and the other was a SAR interferometric processing. From the experiment, we found that the photogrammetric technique is currently the most suitable method considering topographic conditions of Korea. In the SAR interferometry technique, we also conclude that the problems caused by decorrelations due to the temporal reasons and due to the scattering effects from vegetation should be solved.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.3 no.2 s.6
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• pp.29-42
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• 1995

Route design in topographical plane map brings many problems in efficiency and requires much time and labor by hand Recently, the active studies of efficient route design method using 3-D terrain information are being developed according to increasing concentration on GSIS. In order to analyze terrain information for route design efficiently, this study presents objective and overall datum by applying SQL in construction and analysis of database and the possibility of three-dimensional terrain information analysis, This study generates 3-D base map on topographical map of scale 1:5,000 and acquires terrain information that have various thematic map data; contour, land use, roadway, and drange. This is a study on the application of SQL in route design and construction of the terrain information that linked by graphic datum of completed topographical map and attributed datum of database. As the result of this study, we can produce promptly and efficiently design datum of profile annotation, cross section, and volume computations to the preliminary route for route design and apply this efficient method to route design by understanding visual DTM which is composed of the roadway and the natural scene after design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.562-567
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• 2009

As a key mechanism of the human emotion interaction, Facial Expression is a powerful tools in HRI(Human Robot Interface) such as Human Computer Interface. By using a facial expression, we can bring out various reaction correspond to emotional state of user in HCI(Human Computer Interaction). Also it can infer that suitable services to supply user from service agents such as intelligent robot. In this article, We addresses the issue of expressive face modeling using an advanced active appearance model for facial emotion recognition. We consider the six universal emotional categories that are defined by Ekman. In human face, emotions are most widely represented with eyes and mouth expression. If we want to recognize the human's emotion from this facial image, we need to extract feature points such as Action Unit(AU) of Ekman. Active Appearance Model (AAM) is one of the commonly used methods for facial feature extraction and it can be applied to construct AU. Regarding the traditional AAM depends on the setting of the initial parameters of the model and this paper introduces a facial emotion recognizing method based on which is combined Advanced AAM with Bayesian Network. Firstly, we obtain the reconstructive parameters of the new gray-scale image by sample-based learning and use them to reconstruct the shape and texture of the new image and calculate the initial parameters of the AAM by the reconstructed facial model. Then reduce the distance error between the model and the target contour by adjusting the parameters of the model. Finally get the model which is matched with the facial feature outline after several iterations and use them to recognize the facial emotion by using Bayesian Network.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 1993

Effect of sulfur dioxide gas on the growth and yield of soybean growing in the On-San Industrial Complex area was evaluated using the isoquant contour lines of the sulfur dioxide in air of the area. Average concentration of sulfur dioxide monitored in the Industrial Complex from July 17 to September 17 was 0.77mg / 100cm$^2$ PbO$_2$/day. Soil pH ranged from 4.2 to 6.5. Yield losses were estimated by 5～30% due to the effect of sulfur dioxide. Liming could relieve the yield reduction to some extent. The cumulative $SO_2$ concentration, as measured by PbO$_2$ method, for two months of active vegetative growth to early ripening stage has shown a good negative correlation with soybean yield. But, pod number and 100 grain weight did not show the correlation with the concentration of sulfur dioxide. These results suggest that sulfur dioxide affect chronically and cumulatively the growth of soybean plants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.35S no.11
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• pp.123-132
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• 1998

This paper presents a road detection technique for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Roads are important cartographic features. We incorporate an active contour model called snake as a model for the road and define a new external energy for snake which is appropriate for the road. Detecting roads in spaceborne SAR images is very difficult without other information. In this paper, digital maps are utilized to obtain the initial position and shape for snake. Only approximate geodetic location of roads appearing in SAR images can be known through geocoding process and usual digital maps also have location errors. Therefore, there exist large location offsets between the two data. By introducing initial matching procedure, the errors are reduced significantly. Then we initialize the snake's shape using the roads extracted from digital map and minimize the energies of all snake points to detect roads. We outline two problems in detection and propose a method that mitigates them.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.631-639
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• 1996

Electrosurgical technique have been used in dentistry as an aid to soft tissue management for nearly 60 years. However, it was not until the late 1960s that the principles of electrosurgery were understood and improved equipment became available. Electrosurgery is a surgical procedure performed on soft tissue utilizing controlled high frequency electricaI(radio-frequency) currents in the range of 1,500,000 to 7,500,000 cyclesper second. The radio-frequency energy used in electrosurgery is able to cut and coagulate tissue because it focuses the energy at the small, active electrode. Advantages of electrosurgery for soft-tissue management during dental procedures include improved hemostasis, ease of tissue modification, improved visibility and so on, but adverse healing responses-including necrosis of soft tissue and sequestration of alveolar bone-have been reported. The present report provides examples of treatment of soft tissue and pulp tissue of primary teeth by electrosurgery. The results are as follows; 1. Electrosurgical techniques can be used for various procedures in pedodontics. 2. Electrosurgical procedures provide improved hemostasis and visibility in the operating field, which enable to remove, reshape, and contour soft tissues easily. 3. In pulpotomy technique, it was difficult to expect the variable pulpal response based on the degree of heat accumulation and the conditions of pulp tissues. Therefore, electrosurgical pulpotomy could not be considered as a method superior to formocresol pulpotomy. 4. A greater degree of dexterity and experiences in manipulation of the electrode is required compared with the conventional scalpel surgery.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2017

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease because it shows not only the whole anatomical structure of the cardiovascular three-dimensionally but also provides information on the lesion and type of plaque. However, due to the large size of the image, there is a limitation in manually extracting coronary arteries, and related researches are performed to automatically extract coronary arteries accurately. As the coronary artery originate from the ascending aorta, the ascending aorta and ostium should be detected to extract the coronary tree accurately. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation for the ostium as a starting structure of coronary artery in CTA. First, the region of the ascending aorta is initially detected by using Hough circle transform based on the relative position and size of the ascending aorta. Second, the volume of interest is defined to reduce the search range based on the initial area. Third, the refined ascending aorta is segmented by using a two-dimensional geodesic active contour. Finally, the two ostia are detected within the region of the refined ascending aorta. For the evaluation of our method, we measured the Euclidean distance between the result and the ground truths annotated manually by medical experts in 20 CTA images. The experimental results showed that the ostia were accurately detected.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.749-754
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• 2011

In this study, we propose the design of optimized pRBFNNs-based face recognition system using two-dimensional Image and ASM algorithm. usually the existing 2 dimensional face recognition methods have the effects of the scale change of the image, position variation or the backgrounds of an image. In this paper, the face region information obtained from the detected face region is used for the compensation of these defects. In this paper, we use a CCD camera to obtain a picture frame directly. By using histogram equalization method, we can partially enhance the distorted image influenced by natural as well as artificial illumination. AdaBoost algorithm is used for the detection of face image between face and non-face image area. We can butt up personal profile by extracting the both face contour and shape using ASM(Active Shape Model) and then reduce dimension of image data using PCA. The proposed pRBFNNs consists of three functional modules such as the condition part, the conclusion part, and the inference part. In the condition part of fuzzy rules, input space is partitioned with Fuzzy C-Means clustering. In the conclusion part of rules, the connection weight of RBFNNs is represented as three kinds of polynomials such as constant, linear, and quadratic. The essential design parameters (including learning rate, momentum coefficient and fuzzification coefficient) of the networks are optimized by means of Differential Evolution. The proposed pRBFNNs are applied to real-time face image database and then demonstrated from viewpoint of the output performance and recognition rate.