• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease associated with aging in the human population. This disease is characterized by the following 4 structural changes : Atrophy of the Cortex, Parasympathetic, and other neural cells, the existence of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and the accumulation of Senile plaques. NFTs and Senile plaques is known to be the index of this disease. Senile plaques disturbs the neutro transmission and depletes of Acetylcholine. So, Recovery of Acetylcholine is the primal objective for treating Alzheimer's disease. So, Inhibiting the activity of Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE), which causes the hydrolysus of acetylcholine into choline and acetate, can be seen as a key role for treating Alzheimer's disease. Increasing body of evidence has been demonstrated that Bee Venom Acupuncture (BV) could compete with complex protein involving in multiple step of $NF-_{\kappa}B$ activation and exert the anti -inflammatory potential of combined inhibition of the prostanoid and nitric oxide synthesis systems by inhibition of IKK and $NF-_{\kappa}B$. The effect of BV through behavioral tests after memory impairment induced by Scopolamine. We examined the improving effect of BV on the Scopolamine (1 mg/Kg, i.p.)-induced memorial impairment using passive avoidance response and water maze tests in the mice. BV (0.84, $1.67\;{\mu}g/ml$) reversed the Scopolamine-induced memorial impairment in dose dependent manner. This study therefore suggests that BV acupuncture method may be useful for prevention of development or progression of AD.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.83-95
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• 2007

This study was performed to examine the anticonvulsant effects of the extracts of JeongGan-Tang and explanation of its action mechanism. Method: 1) The inhibitory effect on convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin and strychnine was investigated in vivo 2) The inhibitory effect on GABA transaminase activity was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. 3) The brain GABA level and glutamate level in pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion model were analyzed by HPLC, Results: 1) JeongGan-Tang showed the significant effect on the pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion, which may mean that its anticonvulsant effect would be resulted from the activation of GABA receptor and chloride channel rather than the presynaptic- or postsynaptic inhibition. 2) JeongGan-Tang exhibited proper inhibitory activity on GABA transaminase in vitro and in vivo. 3) JeongGan-Tang increased the brain GABA level but did not affect the brain glutamate content, which may suggest that this drug supresses the convulsion by increase of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Conclusion : JeongGan-Tang can be used as an anticonvulsant prescription by the modulation of GABAergic neurotramission.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.5 s.89
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• pp.821-828
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• 2005

To investigate the role of RH and temperature on the transport of chloride in the concrete, two groups of specimens were configured. For both groups, mix design was based on w/c=0.45, $400kg/m^3$ cement, $794kg/m^3$ fine aggregate and $858kg/m^3$ coarse aggregate. After specimen fabrication these were exposed to four different RH (35, 55, 75 and $95\%$ RH) and temperature (0, 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$) conditions. After 3 and 6 months $15\%$ NaCl exposure 5mm cores were taken. These cores were sliced and individual cores were ground to powder. In addition, to evaluate the effect of temperature on the chloride binding some powder samples were leached in the each of four temperature chambers. Chloride titration fur these was performed using FDOT acid titration method. Based upon the resultant data conclusions were reached regarding that 1) effective diffusion coefficient, $D_e$, increased with increasing exposure RH, suggesting that the size and number of water paths increased with elevated moisture content in the specimens, 2) $D_e$ increased with increasing temperature in the range of 0 to $40^{\circ}C$ possibly by elevated thermal activation of chloride ions and reduced chloride binding at higher temperature, 3) water soluble chloride concentration, $[Cl^-]_s$, increased with increasing temperature, and 4) chloride concentration profile for initially dry concrete specimens was higher than for the initially wet ones indicating pronounced capillary suction (sorption) occurred for the dry concrete specimens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.93-97
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• 2009

Focusing on major event halls in Chung-cheong province, data of events including actual condition of management and state of facilities, accomplishment of performance help us to figure out the problems of local culture events and make concrete plans for development of local culture. Through the facilities and actual result of the performance, records of accidents, including dancing, which could happened in stage allow us to protect performer from an unpleasant matter in advance. Because it is considered to be helpful to make some developments of the art of stage and local culture, we take decisive action with mutual comparison. The purpose of this treatise is to suggest alternative method to develop culture and art events in Chung-cheong province by analyzing the president condition of management.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

Purpose: This study analyzed changes in spinal neuron and action potential of motor unit depending on voluntary contraction on spinal neuron adaptation. Methods: It selected 80 university students in their twenties and divided into experimental groups of 25% MVIC (I), 50% MVIC (II), 75% MVIC (III) and 100% MVIC (IV) depending on maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and performed isometric exercise of plantar flexor muscle to each experimental group with given contraction for 20 times. It measured Mmax, H/Mmax, Hmax latency, V/Mmax, V wave latency before and after exercise, compared method and volume of contraction. Results: H/Mmax ratio showed significant difference in comparison among groups (p<0.01) and there was difference in I and IV groups. V/Mmax ratio showed significant difference in comparison among experimental groups (p<0.05) and there was difference in I and IV groups. When voluntary contraction level was maximum, changes were greatest. However, no significantly difference was to Mmax, H latency and V wave latency. Conclusion: These results suggest that amplitude changes of voluntary contraction level, spinal neuron and supra-spinal neuron had a dose connection that the more contraction level, the better central activation seem to decrease highly for a short time.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.62-84
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• 2003

The typical reason of the private sector's increasing share in standardization is that the procedures of official standardization organizations are out of step with the rate of technical development. At today's so fast pace that the success of a technology is decided in the market even before it is standardized, several industry leaders jointly make their draft standard at the early stage of development, which becomes 'De fecto Standard.' To respond effectively to current trends of standardization where the market's decision is thought much of than official standardization procedures, it is necessary to shift from our current public sector-driven to private sector-driven standardization. Therefore, to vitalize the private sector-driven standardization in Korea, there is a need to: Run a standard foundation to secure stable resources for standardization Make information exchange between the govertment and private sector active and policy-making on standards consistent by designating a private organization to cover the roles, policies on standards, and support of the national standardization organization Establish a system to make private sector-driven standards approved as international standards Offer a training program to forster standard experts Publicize the importance of standards Promote standardization forums driven by private businesses, like the Integrated Forum. Maximize the benefits of linking standards and patents Now, Korea is on the threshold of developing into a world-class standard leader, and the private sector-driven standardization should be a stepping-stone for crossing over the threshold. This study is designed to suggest a method of promoting private sector-driven standardization to effectively cope with fast-changing international standards, based on the cases in developed countries.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2003

Objective : Bipolar disorder is known to have strong genetic background and cellular immune activation. Based on the hypothesis that abnormalities of normal inhibitory control of T cell immunity can contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, we investigated the relationship between the first exon at position +49(A/G) polymorphism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4(CTLA4) gene and bipolar disorder. Method : Among the Korean patients diagnosed as bipolar disorder according to DSM-IV, 90 patients without serious medical illness, neurologic illness, hormonal disorder, or concomitant mental illness were selected. The normal control group consisted of 149 age-and sex-matched subjects without current or past history of autoimmune diseases or mental disorder. DNA was extracted from whole blood and the exon 1 region of CTLA-4 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Gene typing was performed using single strand conformation polymorphism. Results : There were no significant differences in genotype frequencies of G/G, G/A, and A/A between the patients with bipolar disorder and the control group(48.9% vs 46.3%, 44.4% vs 39.6%, and 6.7% vs 14.1%, respectively). There were no significant differences in allelic frequencies of G and A between the patients with bipolar disorder and the control group(71.1% vs 66.1%, and 28.9% vs 33.9%, respectively). Conclusion : This study did not show the association of exon 1 polymorphism of CTLA-4 gene with bipolar disorder.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.116-123
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• 1992

$^{123}I$ has ideal half life of 13 hours, suitable 159 keV gamma energy for imaging, and easy labeling methods. In Korea Cancer Center Hospital, $^{123}I$ has been produced by MC-50 cyclotron. The purpose of this study is looking for good labeling condition of $^{123}I$ and $^{99m}Tc$ to nonspecific human polyclonal IgG, and comparing these with $^{67}Ga-citrate$ in the abscess bearing mice. Human polyclonal nonspecific IgG was labeled with 0.2 M phosphate buffer added $^{123}I$ by chloramine T method. Human polyclonat nonspecific IgG was labeled with $^{99m}Tc-gluconate$ after activation with $\beta-mercaptoethanol$. In the abscess bearing mice, the radioactivity in the abscess was higher in 24 hours than 6 hours after injection. In the abscess, $^{123}I$ nonspecific IgG had higher uptake than $^{99m}Tc-IgG\;or\;^{67}Ga-citrate$. There was no significant difference in absecess uptake of $^{123}I-IgG$ among 24, 72, 120 hours abscess age. Further clinical researches with $^{123}I-nonspecific$ IgG, and other immunoscintigraphies using $^{123}I$ are expected.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2014

Objectives : To investigate the anti-cancer effect of Palbohoichoon-tang (PBHCT) extracts. Methods : The cell viability was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MMT) assay and cell morphological changes were microscopically analyzed after staining with $10{\mu}M$ 2-[4-amidinophenyl]-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) and TUNEL. We also analyzed expression of Bcl2, $Bcl_{xL}$, Bax, procaspase-3, procaspase-9, and procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) by western blot method. Results : Observations showed that PBHCT induced the apoptotic cell death proved by increased sub-G1 phase cell population, apoptotic body formation and chromatin condensation. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed that the PBHCT induced cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, PBHCT dose-dependently increased the activity of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP-1. Furthermore, PBHCT reduced anti-apoptotic Bcl2, $Bcl_{xL}$ expression which contributed to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the activations of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Conclusions : These findings suggest that PBHCT exerts anti-cancer effects on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by inducing apoptotic death via down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl2 and $Bcl_{xL}$, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax, and activation of caspase cascades and PARP-1.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2018

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system is an efficient method to mutation in a sequence specific manner. Here we report the direct transfection of the Cas9 nuclease and gene specific guide RNA can be used in BM-N cell line derived from Bombyx mori ovarian tissue to enfeeble function of endogenous gene in vitro. We have used gene editing system to negative regulation components of major signaling cascade, the Toll pathway, which controls B. mori resistance to microbe infections, such as fungi and gram positive bacteria. We demonstrate that the $I{\kappa}B-like$ protein Cactus may controls the activation of transcription factors such as Rel A and Rel B. The direct transfection of Cas9 nuclease and Cactus-specific guide-RNA complex may be used in BM-N cells to disrupt the function of endogenous genes in vitro. A mutation frequency of 30-40% was observed in the transfected cells, and various mutations caused the target region. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis revealed that Cactus gene was down regulated after these mutations. More importantly, mutation of BmCactus stimulated expression of lysozyme, moricin, and lebocin genes. These results suggest that the CRISPR/Cas9 systems are expected to efficiently induce site-specific mutations and it was possible to produce antimicrobial peptide through the gene editing.