• 제목/요약/키워드: Activation energies

검색결과 534건 처리시간 0.022초

Electrical Conductivity of the Spinel CoFe$_2O_4$ Solid Solution

  • Lee, Doo-Yeon;Kim, Don;Kim, Keu-Hong;Choi, Jae-Shi
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제9권6호
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    • pp.333-337
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    • 1988
  • Spinel $CoFe_2O_4$ solid solutions containing up to 50 mol% CoO were synthesized with spectroscopically pure CoO and ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ polycrystalline powders. The spinel structures of the $CoFe_2O_4$ solid solutions were analyzed from XRD patterns and the Mossbauer spectra showed that the quenched $CoFe_2O_4$ had a partially inversed spinel structure ($Co_{0.23}Fe_{0.77}$) < $Co_{0.77}Fe_{1.23}$ > $O_4$, while the slowly cooled $CoFe_2O_4$ was completely inversed spinel ($Co_{0.04}Fe_{0.96}$) <$Co_{0.96}Fe_{1.04}$ > $O_4$. The $CoFe_2O_4$ specimens containing 10, 20, 30 and 40 mol% CoO turned to be a mixture of corundum and spinel structures. Electrical conductivities were measured as a function of temperature from 300 to $900^{\circ}C$ under oxygen partial pressures from $10^{-3}$ to 1 atm. The temperature dependencies of the electrical conductivity show different behaviors in the low- and high-temperature regions. The average activation energies are 0.23 eV and 0.80 eV in the low- and high-temperature regions, respectively. It is suggested that $Co^{2+} {\to} CO^{3+} + e^-$ and $Fe^{2+} {\rightleftharpoons} Fe^{3+} + e^-$ are the main conduction mechanisms responsible for the electronic conduction in the low- and high-temperature regions, respectively.

Electrochemical Desalination of a 50% w/w Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a Pharmaceutical Sterilization Agent

  • Jaehong Lee;Ji-hyun Yang;Eugene Huh;Sewon Park;Bonmoo Koo;Ik-Sung Ahn
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.59-65
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    • 2023
  • Sodium hydroxide solutions are often employed as sterilization agents in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, the chloride content is considered as a critical impurity. In this study, an electrochemical method was developed to remove chloride ions (Cl-) through the oxidative deposition of AgCl on a Ag anode. The Cl- content in the commercially available 50% w/w NaOH solution employed was approximately 100 mg Cl-/kg NaOH. As the OH- content is approximately 18,000 times higher than the Cl- content, the formation of AgCl may be expected to be thermodynamically less favorable than the formation of Ag2O. However, activation energies for AgCl and Ag2O formation have been reported to be approximately 3.8 and 31.2 kJ/mol, respectively, and indicate that AgCl formation is favored. AgCl can be selectively produced by controlling the anode potential. Here, the Cl- concentration was reduced to less than 50 mg Cl-/kg NaOH when an anode potential of 0.18 or 0.19 V vs. Hg/HgO (reference electrode) was applied for one hour at 50℃. XRD analysis and visual monitoring of the Ag anode confirmed the oxidative deposition of AgCl on the anode surface as well as the electrochemical desalination of the concentrated NaOH solution.

Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Two Ketene Dithioacetal Derivatives for Stainless Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

  • Lemallem, Salah Eddine;Fiala, Abdelali;Ladouani, Hayet Brahim;Allal, Hamza
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.237-253
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    • 2022
  • The methyl 2-(1,3-dithietan -2- ylidene)-3-oxobutanoate (MDYO) and 2-(1,3-dithietan-2-ylidene) cyclohexane -1,3-dione (DYCD) were synthesized and tested at various concentrations as corrosion inhibitors for 316L stainless steel in 1 M HCl using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), surface analysis techniques (SEM / EDX and Raman spectroscopy) and Functional Density Theory (DFT) was also used to calculate quantum parameters. The obtained results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of MDYO and DYCD increases with their concentration, and the highest value of corrosion inhibition efficiency was determined in the range of concentrations investigated (0.01 × 10-3 - 10-3 M). Polarization curves (Tafel extrapolation) showed that both compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors in 1M HCl solutions. Electrochemical impedance spectra (Nyquist plots) are characterized by a capacitive loop observed at high frequencies, and another small inductive loop near low frequencies. The thermodynamic data of adsorption of the two compounds on the stainless steel surface and the activation energies were determined and then discussed. Analysis of experimental results shows that MDYO and DYCD inhibitors adsorb to the metal surface according to the Langmuir model and the mechanism of adsorption of both inhibitors involves physisorption. SEM-EDX results confirm the existence of an inhibitor protective film on the stainless steel surface. The results derived from theoretical calculations supported the experimental observation.

온도와 FA 농도가 암모늄 이온의 아질산 전환에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Temperature and FA Concentration on the Conversion of Ammonium to Nitrite)

  • 김정훈;송영채;박흥석
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제26권4B호
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    • pp.427-432
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    • 2006
  • 생물학적 질산화 과정에서 비이온성 용존 암모나아(FA) 농도와 온도가 아질산 이온($NO_2{^-}$) 축적에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 암모늄 산화와 아질산 축적조건을 파악하기 위하여 암모늄 이온($NH_4{^-}$) 농도와 온도를 탈리한 다양한 FA 농도 조건에서 질산화 실험을 실시하였다. 암모늄산화균과 아질산산화균의 활성화에너지를 산정한 결과, 암모늄산화균의 활성화에너지는 $20^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 81.7 KJ/mol, $20^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 32.5 KJ/mol로 차이가 있었으나, 아질산산화균의 활성화에너지는 온도에 관계없이 35.5 KJ/mol로 나타났다. 특히, FA 농도와 온도에 따른 질산화 실험결과, FA 농도에 의한 질산화 저해 및 아질산이온 축적 효과는 극히 미미하였으며, 온도조건이 아질산 이온 축적에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

암모니아로부터 수소 제조를 위한 다양한 촉매 활성 테스트에 관한 연구 (A Study on Activity Testing of Various Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Ammonia)

  • 이재혁;신경하;강진실;신현희;박세연;최유진;송완규;안호근
    • 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.587-593
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    • 2023
  • This research project focused on the production of hydrogen through ammonia decomposition reactions while investigating how the reactivity of this process varies when employing different catalysts. Several metal oxide supports (Al2O3, La2O3, CeO2) were utilized as catalysts, with active metals from both the transition metal group (Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cu) and the noble metal group (Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt) impregnated onto these supports. Furthermore, the study examined how the reactivity evolves with changes in reaction temperature when employing the prepared catalysts. Additionally, the research delved into the distinctive activation energies associated with each of the catalysts. In this research, In the noble metal catalyst system, the order of high activity for ammonia decomposition reaction to produce hydrogen is Ru > Rh > Pt ≈ Pd. In the transition metal catalyst system, the order of high activity is Co > Ni > Fe > Cr > Cu.

Examination of the Impact of Substituting Germanium for Bismuth on the Energy Density and Electrical Conductivity of the Se60Ge40-xBix Alloy

  • Kareem Ali Jasim;Haider Sahi Hussein;Shaymaa Hashim Aneed;Ebtisam Mohammed Taqi Salman
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.267-274
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    • 2024
  • In this study, four different samples of Se60Ge40-xBix chalcogenides glasses were synthesized by heating the melt for 18 h in vacuum Pyrex ampoules (under a 10-4 Torre vacuum), each with a different concentration (x = 0, 10, 15, and 20) of high purity starting materials. The results of direct current (DC) electrical conductivity measurements against a 1,000/T plot for all chalcogenide samples revealed two linear areas at medium and high temperatures, each with a different slope and with different activation energies (E1 and E2). In other words, these samples contain two electrical conduction mechanisms: a localized conduction at middle temperatures and extended conduction at high temperatures. The results showed the local and extended state parameters changed due to the effective partial substitution of germanium by bismuth. The density of extended states N(Eext) and localized states N(Eloc) as a function of bismuth concentration was used to gauge this effect. While the density of the localized states decreased from 1.6 × 1014 to 4.2 × 1012 (ev-1 cm-3) as the bismuth concentration increased from 0 to 15, the density of the extended states generally increased from 3.552 × 1021 to 5.86 × 1021 (ev-1 cm-3), indicating a reduction in the mullet's randomness. This makes these alloys more widely useful in electronic applications due to the decrease in the cost of manufacturing.

자색고구마 품종별 안토시아닌 색소의 분해에 대한 속도론적 연구 (Degradation Kinetics of Anthocyanin Pigment Solutions from Purple-fleshed Sweet Potato Cultivars)

  • 박정섭;배재오;정봉우;정문웅;최동성
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.559-566
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    • 2011
  • 국내에서 재배되는 목포 62호, 보라미, 자미, 신자미, 아야무라사키의 자색고구마 품종에 대해 안토시아닌 함량 및 pH에 따른 적색도, pH와 가열온도에 따른 안정성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 안토시아닌 함량은 각 3.9, 3.8, 4.7, 4.1, 4.2 mg/g dry weight로 자미가 가장 높았으며, pH에 따른 a 값은 pH 3 에서 20.2, 59.3, 41.4, 37.7, 26.9로 보라미가 가장 높았다. pH에 따른 품종별 안토시아닌 색소의 반감기는 pH 3에서 22.2, 28.3, 26.3, 23.4, 22.7일로 보라미가 가장 안정하였다. 그리고 온도에 따른 품종별 안토시아닌 색소의 반감기는 온도가 낮을수록 증가하여 안정하였으며, 특히 자미는 $20^{\circ}C$에서 401일로 매우 높은 안정성을 나타냈다. 또한 가열온도에 따른 활성화에너지는 54.67, 60.93, 71.73, 59.35, 62.28 kJ/mol로 자미가 가장 높았다.

축육소시지 저장성 산출을 위한 속도론적 고찰 (A Consideration on its Kinetics for shelf-life Prediction of Meat Sausage)

  • 김수민
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.256-260
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    • 1992
  • 저장온도별 축육소시지의 이화학적, 미생물학적 특성 변화를 토대로 유통기간 산출을 시도하였고, 그중 품질지표 성분을 구명하여 이에 대한 품질변화를 반응속도론적으로 고찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 사용된 포장재료중 외포장은 cellulose #23이었고, 내포장은 CN/PE 고밀도 적층 필름을 사용하여 저장기간에 따라 품질변화를 측정하였다. 축육소시지의 품질지표성분을 VBN이었으며, 그 함량의 상한선은 20 mg%이었다. 회귀방정식과 $Q_{10}$에 의한 축육소시지의 유통기간 예측은 $10^{\circ}C$에서는 $58{\sim}63$일, $20^{\circ}C$에서는 $47{\sim}51$일, $40^{\circ}C$에서는 26일로 산출할 수 있었는데 이 두 방법의 오차는 약 $4{\sim}5$일 정도 차이를 나타내었다. 각 온도별 축육소시지의 VBN 함량변화에 대한 $Q_{10}$치는 가속저장온도인 $40^{\circ}C$$Q_{10}$치=1.35를 구하여 30, 20, $10^{\circ}C$에 적용하여 유통기간을 산출하였다. 축육소시지의 VBN 함량 변화속도는 1차 반응에 따라 진행되었으며, 서로 다른 반응속도의 두 구간으로 구분되었다. 반응시간 20일을 전후한 활성화에너지는 각각 2.959Kcal/mole, 3.632Kcal/mole 이었다.

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혈합육어(멸치, 고등어, 활다랭이 및 날개다랭이)의 Trypsin 2. 성질과 열 안정성 (Trypsins from the Dark Fleshed Fish(Anchovy, Mackerel, Yellowfin Tuna and Albacore) 2. Enzymatic Properties and Thermal Stabilities)

  • 조득문;허민수;변재형
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.458-464
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    • 1993
  • 전보에 이어, 정제한 혈합육어 trypsin에 대하여 효소적 성질 및 열 역학적 성질에 관하여 비교 검토한 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 이들 혈합육어 trypsin은 BA-p-NA와 SP-p-NA 같은 amide기질 중 BA-p-NA기질만에 대하여, 그리고 ATEE, BAEE, BTEE 및 TAME 등의 ester 기질 중에서는 BAEE와 TAME에 대하여만 현저한 활성을 보였다. 이들 효소는 antipain, leupeptin, DFP, TLCK, SBTI 등 화학약제와 금속이온 Cu$^{2+}$ 및 Hg$^{2+}$에 의하여서는 그 활성이 현저히 저해를 받았으나, $Mg^{2+}$에 의하여서는 부활하였다. 이 효소들은 모두 5$0^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서는 불안정하였으며, 날개다랭이의 trypsin이 온도 변화에 대하여 가장 안정하였다. 그리고, 활성화에너지는 멸치 trypsin이 13.91㎉/mo1e, 고등어 trypsin A는 11.61㎉/ mole, 고등어 trypsin B는 8.43㎉/mo1e, 황다랭이 trypsin은 4.35㎉/mole, 그리고 날개다랭이 trypsin은 3.76㎉/mole 이었다.

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인도네시아 갈탄의 촤-CO2 촉매가스화 반응특성연구 (Kinetic Study on Char-CO2 Catalytic Gasification of an Indonesian lignite)

  • 이도균;김상겸;황순철;이시훈;이영우
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제52권4호
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    • pp.544-552
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 인도네시아 갈탄인 로토(Roto) 탄의 촤(char)-$CO_2$ 촉매가스화 kinetic 분석을 열중량분석기(thermogravimetric analysis, TGA)를 이용하여 수행하였다. 촉매는 $Na_2CO_3$, $K_2CO_3$, $CaCO_3$ 및 천연광물 촉매로 dolomite을 선정하였으며, 석탄과 촉매의 물리적 혼합을 통하여 촤를 제조하였다. 촤-$CO_2$ 촉매가스화반응은 $850^{\circ}C$에서 $CO_2$ 농도가 60 vol%, 촉매 함량은 $Na_2CO_3$를 7 wt% 혼합할 때 가장 빠른 탄소전환율을 보여주었다. $750{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ 등온조건에서 촤-$CO_2$ 촉매 가스화 반응결과, 온도가 증가할수록 탄소전환율 속도가 빨라졌으며, 기-고체 반응모델 shrinking core model(SCM), volumetric reaction model(VRM), modified volumetric reaction model(MVRM)을 실험결과에 적용하였을 때, MVRM 이 로토 탄의 가스화반응 거동을 잘 예측하였다. 특히 Arrhenius plot을 통한 활성화에너지는 $Na_2CO_3$$K_2CO_3$를 혼합한 촤의 활성화에너지가 각각 67.03~77.09 kJ/mol, 53.14~67.99 kJ/mol으로 우수한 촉매 활성을 보여주었다.