• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe stress distribution and displacement patterns of the entire maxillary arch with regard to distalizing force vectors applied from interdental miniscrews. Methods: A standard three-dimensional finite element model was constructed to simulate the maxillary teeth, periodontal ligament, and alveolar process. The displacement of each tooth was calculated on x, y, and z axes, and the von Mises stress distribution was visualized using color-coded scales. Results: A single distalizing force at the archwire level induced lingual inclination of the anterior segment, and slight intrusive distal tipping of the posterior segment. In contrast, force at the high level of the retraction hook resulted in lingual root movement of the anterior segment, and extrusive distal translation of the posterior segment. As the force application point was located posteriorly along the archwire, the likelihood of extrusive lingual inclination of the anterior segment increased, and the vertical component of the force led to intrusion and buccal tipping of the posterior segment. Rotation of the occlusal plane was dependent on the relationship between the line of force and the possible center of resistance of the entire arch. Conclusions: Displacement of the entire arch may be dictated by a direct relationship between the center of resistance of the whole arch and the line of action generated between the miniscrews and force application points at the archwire, which makes the total arch movement highly predictable.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제12B권5호
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• pp.595-606
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• 2005

개발비용이 70억원에서 200억원에 이르는 블록버스터 게임들이 자주 등장하면서 전반적으로 게임개발 규모가 급속히 커지고 있다. 이로 인해 게임의 기술요소들이 집중되어 있는 게임메카닉스의 품질관리가 중요하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는, 설계단계에서, 게임메카닉스의 공학적 품질 분석을 정확하고 경제적으로 할 수 있는 컴퓨터 시뮬레이터를 구현하여 제안하였다. 제안하는 시뮬레이터는 모델링을 편리하게 할 수 있도록, Petri net[7,8]과 Smalltalk[9]을 지원한다. 기존 방법들은, 실제의 게임플레이 환경을 고려하지 않는, 제한된 범위의 품질분석이 가능했지만, 제안하는 시뮬레이터는 플레이어의 게임플레이 행동패튼과 게임의 배경맵과 아이템 DB를 사용하기 때문에 그 평가 결과가 매우 실제적이다. 제안하는 시뮬레이터의 성능을 검증하기 위해 Dungeon & Dragon[13,14]의 게임메카닉스와 게임 배경맵과 아이템 DB를 사용하여 시뮬레이션을 총 80회 실시하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면, 제안하는 시뮬레이터는 무결성, 최적화, 밸런스 품질을 모두 평가할 수 있고, 다른 방법보다 품질평가 능력이 우수하였다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2002

Objective : Acupuncture is a method used to treat many kinds of pain in oriental cultural medicine. Especially when hetero-segmental area acu-points are stimulated, the therapeutic effects of pain control have more critical properties than other methods of acupuncture. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture is contradictory so far. The present study examined the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to the acu-point of the hetero-segmental area on modulation of formalin-induced pain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In order to apply EA to acu-points in the plantar area of right forepaws, a pair of Teflon-coated stainless steel wires were implanted in HT 7 (Shin-Moon) and PC 7 (Dae-Reung) 7 days before the behavioral test. A behavioral test was performed by means of video camera after injection of 5% formalin ($50{\;}\mu\textrm{l}$) into the lateral plantar region of the left hind paw. EA was delivered by a constant DC current stimulator at 4~5 mA, 2 ms, and 10 Hz for 30 min. c-Fos protein expression was measured in the lumbar spinal cord at 2 hr and 4 hr after formalin injection. Results : Behavioral responses including favoring, flinching and biting occurred in the biphasic pattern, such as the 1st phase (0~5 min) and the 2nd phase (20~45 min) after formalin injection. However, EA (4~5 mA, 2 ms, 10 Hz) significantly inhibited the behavioral responses. Injection of formalin expressed c-Fos protein on the ipsilateral dorsal horn neurons in L3 - L5 and the expression was sustained more than 4 hrs after formalin injection. However, EA decreased c-Fos protein expression at dorsal horn neurons in the lumbar spinal cord till 4hrs after formalin injection. Conclusions : These results suggest that EA modulates formalin-induced pain and this inhibitory action may be elicited by the descending inhibitory system.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 1982

The effect of ethacrynic acid (EA) on the renal secretion of PAH was examined in cat kidney. $C_{PAH}$ and $T_{PAH}$ were measured before and after infusion of EA $(0.5{\sim}50mg/kg)$ through the femoral vein. The following results were obtained: 1) In the dosage range of 0.5 to 25 mg/kg, EA increased the urine flow, and sodium and potassium excretion in dose-dependent manner, but the glomelular filtration rate was decreased as the dosage of EA was increased. 2) $C_{PAH}$ and $T_{PAH}$ were decreased by EA in the dosage range of 3 to 25 mg/kg and 1 to 50 mg/kg, respectively, in dose·dependent manner with the dosage to cause 50% inhibition of about 5 mg/kg. 3) With dosage of 0.5mg/kg, EA appeared to exert a great effect on diuretic response without the influence on $T_{PAH}$. At 10min after infusion of EA, a potent diuretic effect appeared, while $T_{PAH}$ did not show a significant change. These results suggest that the action mechanism of EA on tubular secretion of PAH may be different from that on natriuresis. 4) With dosage of 5 mg/kg, EA did not inhibit the Na-K-ATPase activity in microsomal fractions from both cortex and medulla. 5) The double reciprocal plot ($l/T_{PAH}$ versus $l/P_{PAH}$) suggested that EA inhibited the P AH secretion by a competitive pattern. However, probenecid, a prototypic inhibitor of the organic acid pump, had no influence on both the inhibitory effect of $T_{PAH}$ and the natriuretic effect by EA. These results suggest that in vivo EA altered tubular secretion of P AH through interactions with receptors that are not identical with the Na-K-ATPase.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1932-1941
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• 2017

DFC-2, a methyl 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-7,12-dioxo-7,12-dihydrodinaphtho[1,2-b:2',3'-d]furan-6-carboxylate, is reported to have antitubercular effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. At concentrations ranging from 0.19 to $0.39{\mu}g/ml$, DFC-2 inhibited both drugusceptible and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Microarray analyses were employed to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of DFC-2's action in M. tuberculosis. The most affected functional gene category was "lipid biosynthesis," which is involved in mycolic acid synthesis. The decrease in transcription of genes related to mycolic acid synthesis was confirmed by RT-PCR. Furthermore, we found that DFC-2 triggered a reduction in mycolic acid levels, showing a similar pattern to that of mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor isoniazid. These results may explain how this compound kills mycobacteria efficiently by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.308-318
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop the functionally improved winter work clothing for the Korean railroad workers. Based on the questionnaires, the sample clothing for the Korean railroad workers was produced. The design, materials, and patterns were modified to increase mobility and comfort of workers. Water-repellent treatment was added to the material in order to decrease the dirt and stains while working. Also the reflective strips were added to chest and back of the upper garment in order to increase visibility and safety of the workers. In terms of the design and pattern underarm of the sleeve and side panel of the bodice were put in together and action pleats at the back were inserted in order to decrease the pullback of the armpit and scapular area and increase mobility of the arm movement. Also the patterns of the elbows areas were modified to increase mobility of joint. The prototype was evaluated an objective assessment and subjective assessment to compare to the existing working uniform. Assessment group was consisted of 5 subject groups and 11 expert groups and evaluated external appearance and adaptability to the movements. According to the results, the prototype was evaluated better than the existing working uniform in appearance and adaptability except height of collar. A field test was conducted to compare the prototype and the existing working uniform. The field tests were performed by 6 workers in the Korean railroad. According to the results, the prototype was improved in terms of adaptability and comfort.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2016

Vagal nerve activity has been known to play a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unclear how the distribution and concentration of local acetylcholine (ACh) promotes AF. In this study, we investigated the effect of the spatial distribution and concentration of ACh on fibrillation patterns in an in silico human atrial model. A human atrial action potential model with an ACh-dependent $K^+$ current ($I_{KAch}$) was used to examine the effect of vagal activation. A simulation of cardiac wave dynamics was performed in a realistic 3D model of the atrium. A model of the ganglionated plexus (GP) and nerve was developed based on the "octopus hypothesis". The pattern of cardiac wave dynamics was examined by applying vagal activation to the GP areas or randomly. AF inducibility in the octopus hypothesis-based GP and nerve model was tested. The effect of the ACh concentration level was also examined. In the single cell simulation, an increase in the ACh concentration shortened $APD_{90}$ and increased the maximal slope of the restitution curve. In the 3D simulation, a random distribution of vagal activation promoted wavebreaks while ACh secretion limited to the GP areas did not induce a noticeable change in wave dynamics. The octopus hypothesis-based model of the GP and nerve exhibited AF inducibility at higher ACh concentrations. In conclusion, a 3D in silico model of the GP and parasympathetic nerve based on the octopus model exhibited higher AF inducibility with higher ACh concentrations.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1993

The originator of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation method was Dr. Herman Kabat, a man who received the bachelor of science degree from New York University in 1932. In 1936 he moved to the University of Minnesota where he served as instructor in physiology and also studies medicine. He received his medical doctorate in 1942. When Dr. Karbat meet Sister Kenny suggested that certain change. She does not receptive his ideas. So that he decided to pursure the treatment of patients. Upon the establishment of the Karbat- kaiser Institute to be opened in 1946. Margaret Knott, the first physical therapist to be employed by him and to become his head physical therapist. In 1948 Vallejo center was opened. Dr. Kabat developed the PNF method combined motions to ascertain the effectiveness of maximal resistance and stretch in facilitating the response of a weak distal muscle. He identified mass movement patterns that were spiral and diagonal in character in 1965. Margaret Knott presented lecture at tile APTA Annual Conference in Las Vegas. The title was In the groove. On December 18, 1978 she passed away at her home in Vallejo. Marie-Louise Mangold is director of the Kaiser Foundation Rehabilitation Center now. She is the Vice President of International Proprioceptive Neuromuscular facilitation Association. About 20 physical therapist working teaching and study at KFRC in Vallejo. PNF neuromuscular mechanism becomes integrated and efficient without awareness of individual muscle action, reflex and a multitude of other neurophysiological reactions. The principles of PNF are visual consideration, verbal consideration, and proprioceptive input consideration with tactile stimulation, joint receptors, appropriate facilitation, stretch reflex normal timing, irradiation, pattern of movement.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.243-257
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• 2008

Myostatin, a negative regulator of myogenesis, is shown to function by controlling the proliferation of myoblasts. In this study we show that myostatin is an inhibitor of myoblast differentiation and that this inhibition is mediated through Smad 3. To determine MyoD expression by Dodamtang treatment, we compared the expression pattern of $C_{2}C_{12}$ mouse myoblasts that constitutively express myostatin with control cells. In vitro, increasing concentrations of Dodamtang reversibly prevented the myogenic blockage of myoblasts by myostatin expression. ELISA assay, Western and confocal analysis indicated that treatment of Dodamtang to the low serum culture media increased the levels of MyoD leading to the inhibition of myogenic differentiation by myostatin. The stable transfection of $C_{2}C_{12}$ myoblasts with myostatin expressing constructs did rescue MyoD-induced myogenic differentiation. Consistent with this, the treatment of Dodamtang rescued the expression of a MyoD in $C_{2}C_{12}$ myoblasts treated with myostatin. Taken together, these results suggest that induction of MyoD by Dodamtang inhibits myostatin activity and expression via SMAD3 resulting in the rescue of the myoblasts to differentiate into myotubes. Thus we propose that myostatin action by Dodamtang plays a critical role in myogenic differentiation and that the muscular hyperplasia and hypertrophy seen in animals that blockage of functional myostatin is because of deregulated proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.349-353
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• 1996

The present study examined pharmacokinetic profiles of KBP31705-Cl27 and KBP30603-901, new platinum coordination complexes synthesized as anticancer candidates, in comparison with two well-known platinum-containing anticancer agents, cisplatin and carboplatin in rats. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia of male Sprague-Dawley rats, urinary bladder, and femoral artery and vein were catheterized for urine collection, blood sampling and drug injection, respectively Following i.v. administration of cisplatin (2 mg/kg), KBP31705-C127 (2 mg/kg), carboplatin (20 mg/kg) or KBP30603-901 (20 mg/kg), blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 120 minutes. Urine samples were collected at 1-hr interval for 4 hr. Platinum concentrations in plasma and urine were measured using an inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometer. The plasma concentration-time curves were biphasic for all drugs during the time period studied. Compared with cisplatin, KBP31705-C127 showed similar decay patters in the alpha- and betaphases with slightly lower plasma concentrations. Urinary platinum excretion for cisplatin and KBP31705-C 127 was 56 and 52% of the administered dose in 4 hr, respectively. With regard to carboplatin and KBP 30603-901, a similar decay pattern was also observed in the alpha-phase. The half life of KBP30603-901 in the beta-phase, however, was much longer than that of carboplatin, which was consistent with the urinary excretion results that 46 and 59% of the administered dose were excreted in the urine in 4hr, respectively. The results suggest that platinum coordination complexes are primarily excreted via the renal route and KBP30603-901 can elicit longer duration of action due to slower renal excretion compared to carboplatin.