• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics and utilization of pruned kiwifruit branches as wreath materials. Amount of pruned branches produced from one 11~15 year-old kiwi plant cv. 'Hayward' can be used for one wreath with 76cm in diameter. Making a wreath with 76cm in diameter with the pruned kiwifruit branches required 75 branches with 31~40cm length. And the cost to make a wreath with 76cm in diameter for the Keaki and the paper bush were cheeper than those of winged spindle tree and Korean dogwood. Floral designers evaluated that the glossy, the delicacy and the unique form of cut branches, and their various hue were lower than that of the commonly-used cut branches, however, the beauty of curved line, the characteristics after drying, and the utilization and prospect of pruned kiwi branches were higher by 'over good' than that of the commonly-used branches. Consequently, it was assumed that the utilization of pruned kiwifruit branches can be contributed to the improvement of side income for a farm household, and the diversity wreath materials.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2010

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen intermediates has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and mode of action of environmental toxicants. Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) is an organic lipid hydroperoxide analogue, which is commonly used as a pro-oxidant for evaluating mechanisms involving oxidative stress in cells and tissues. In this study, the underlying mechanisms involved in the protective effects of Hwabuk 94 kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. 'Hwabuk 94'), which is cultivated in Jeju, on the t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cell. The pretreatment of rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 with Hwabuk 94 extract ($1-100\;{\mu}g/ml$) resulted in a significant recovery from t-BHP-induced cell death and increased Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 expression, whereas the expression of Bax and cleaved PARP were decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control. Furthermore, Hwabuk 94 inhibited the t-BHP-induced p38 MAP kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase activations. Finally, these findings suggest that Hwabuk 94 kiwifruit might attenuate t-BHP-induced PC12 cell cytotoxicity, at least in part, through the inhibition of signaling pathways mediated by the ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.448-456
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• 2011

We used suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) combined with mirror orientation selection (MOS) method to screen differentially expressed genes from red-fleshed kiwifruit 'Hongyang'. As a result, the 288 clones were obtained by subcloning PCR product and 192 clones that showed positive clones on colony PCR analysis were selected. All the positive clones were sequenced. After comparisons with the NCBI/Genbank database using the BLAST search revealed that 30 clones showed sequence similarity to genes from other organisms; 10 clones showed significant sequence similarity to known genes. Among these clones, 3 clones (AcF21, AcF42 and AcF106) had sequence homology to 1-aminicyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACC)-oxidase (ACO) that known to be related to fruit ripening. The expression patterns of differentially expressed genes were further investigated to validate the SSH data by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qReal-time PCR) analysis. All the data from qReal-time PCR analysis coincide with the results obtained from RT-PCR analysis. Three clones were expressed at higher levels in 'Hongyang' than 'Hayward'. AcF21 was highly expressed in the other genes at 120 days after full bloom (DAFB) and 160 DAFB of 'Hongyang'.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2017

We evaluated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, to be used as a species of forage plant with Quercus acutissima (acorn) and Actinidia arguta pollen grains. The content of crude protein and fat were found 14.43% and 5.67%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids from buckwheat pollen were found, including 8 essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine, accounting for about 42.7% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 13.7 mg/100g, followed by $B_3$ (niacin) and $B_1$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (1197.95mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (962.77mg/100g) and magnesium (535.42mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and manganese were detected as minor elements. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content accounted for 8.1% at $500{\mu}g/ml$ extract and $2.25{\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2020

To date, various kiwifruit cultivars have been developed and released. Asexual propagation by grafting onto seedlings rootstock have been widely utilized commercially in fruit trees including kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Most of commercial kiwifruit cultivars belong to A. chinensis and A. deliciosa. Recently, several cultivars were developed by interspecific hybridization with different species including A. arguta. There is a possibility for graft-incompatibility due to interspecific hybridization and therefore, we investigated graft-compatibility of newly released yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars and a hybrid cultivar with various rootstocks of different species. The yellow-fleshed cultivars grafted onto same species, A. chinensis 'Kuimi', showed good shoot elongation, about 1 m in length 50 days after grafting. In contrast, the shoot elongation of the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit grafted onto different species was retarded. The shoot length of a hybrid cultivar (A. arguta × A. deliciosa) 'Skinny Green' grafted onto four different species was about 1 m in length, showing good graft compatibility with other species. Nevertheless, long term studies for graft compatibility of hybrid cultivars are still needed since graft-incompatibility between different species can occur several years later.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.158-166
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit is a fruit tree with relatively small cultivation area in Korea and researches on its soil and physiology are very limited compared to those on cultivar development. Therefore, there are limited information for farmers to cope with the reduction in productivity due to various physiological disorders and premature aging. This study was conducted to investigate the soil and leaf chemical properties, and fruit characteristics, which will be used as basic data for stable kiwifruit orchard soil management. METHODS AND RESULTS: The soil and leaf chemical properties, and fruit characteristics were investigated for two years in 16 kiwifruit orchards growing 'Hayward' (Actinidia deliciosa) in Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. Soil and leaf samples were collected in July and fruit quality was investigated by harvesting fruits about 170 days after full bloom. The average soil chemical properties of kiwi orchards were generally higher than the recommended level, except for pH, and especially, the exchangeable potassium reached about 300% of the recommended level. The proportions of orchards that exceeded the recommended level of soil chemical properties were 63, 31, 100, 69, 94, 88 and 69% for pH, EC, organic content, available phosphate, and exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium, respectively. Thirty-three percent of orchards had more than 100 mg/kg of nitrate nitrogen in soil. Available phosphate in soil showed a significantly positive correlation with leaf nitrogen, phosphoric acid and calcium content, but showed a significantly negative correlation with leaf potassium content. The magnesium content in the leaves was significantly correlated with soil pH. The highest fruit weight was observed in about 25 g/kg of leaf nitrogen content which could be attained when plants were grown on the soil containing about 100 mg/kg of nitrate nitrogen content. The average soluble solids content among 16 orchards was 9.58 °Brix at harvest and 13.9 °Brix after ripening, which increased about 45%, and the average fruit weight was about 110 g. CONCLUSION(S): For fruit quality, fruit soluble solids (sugar compounds) content was significantly correlated with leaf potassium content, fruit hardiness with leaf total nitrate, calcium and magnesium, and fruit titratable acidity with leaf magnesium; however, leaf calcium and magnesium negatively affect the soluble solids contents in fruits.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2023

The study was conducted to investigate the infestation and distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes on kiwi orchards in Korea. Plant parasitic nematodes genus and densities were investigated at a total of 102 sites in Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do, which are the main production areas of domestic kiwi orchards. Plant parasitic nematodes detected were of 9 genera, including root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus spp.), and needle nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.), and 56% of the 102 plantations were infected with root-knot nematodes. Root-knot nematodes were found to be the most important plant parasitic nematode in domestic kiwi orchards. The average density of root-knot nematodes is 97 per 300 cm³ soil, and there is concern about the kiwi yield reduction. As a result of identifying the root-knot nematode species: M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Among them, M. arenaria is the most dominant. As the plant parasitic nematode infection route in fruit trees is often spread through the transplantation of infected seedlings, attention should be paid to the production of nematode-free plants during the production and supply of kiwifruit plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제103권3호
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• pp.368-374
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• 2014

This study was investigated the changes of storability and quality characteristics of 'Autumn Sense' hardy kiwifruit according to ethylene treatment and storage condition. In the results of investigation of changes in hardy kiwifruit quality during storage period, hardness of ethylene treated hardy kiwifruit during 48 and 96 hours was rapidly decreased, but soluble solid content was rapidly increased with the passing of storage period in all treatment groups. The total acid was estimated from 0.7 to 1.4% with storage period in all treatment groups. In the results of investigation of the weight loss rate, ethylene treated hardy kiwifruit during 48 hours was the highest 30.9% in storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and lowest 5.9% in storage at $2^{\circ}C$ with a relative air humidity of about 90% during storage at 24 days. Ethylene treated hardy kiwifruit during 96 hours was decrease 29.4% in storage at $20^{\circ}C$, 20.7% in storage at $4^{\circ}C$, 12.1% in storage at $2^{\circ}C$, and 6.0% in storage at $2^{\circ}C$ with a relative air humidity of about 90% during storage at 22 days. The taste of hardy kiwifruit during storage was reduced to increase in all treatment groups. Particularly, storage at $20^{\circ}C$ was rapidly reduced to increase in the early storage and storage at $2^{\circ}C$ with a relative air humidity of about 90% was decrease after storage at 18 days. The rotten rate during storage was increased in all treatment groups, storage at $20^{\circ}C$ was after storage at 2 days and storage at $2^{\circ}C$ with a relative air humidity of about 90% was rapidly increased after storage at 16 days. Thus, it can be recommended that storage at $2^{\circ}C$ with a relative air humidity of about 90% is good to maintain quality. Also, we will decide optimal storage condition and after-ripening time of 'Autumn Sense' hardy kiwifruit.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit, which was introduced to Korea in late 1970s, is a warm-temperate fruit tree, whose leaves are easily damaged by wind because of their large size. To produce high quality fruits, efficient windbreak is necessary to protect leaves until harvest. In Korea, typhoons from July onwards usually influence the production of kiwifruit. Damages from typhoons include low fruit quality in the current year and low flowering ratio the following year. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of early defoliation of kiwifruit vines from July to October on the regrowth of shoot axillary buds the current year and bud break and flowering the following year. METHODS AND RESULTS: Scions of kiwifruit cultivar 'Goldrush' were veneer grafted onto five-year-old Actinidia deliciosa rootstocks, planted in Wagner pots (13L) and grown in a rain shelter. Kiwifruit leaves in the proximity of leaf stalk were cut by lopping shears to simulate mechanical damage from typhoon since only leaf stalks were left when kiwifruit vines were damaged by typhoons. Kiwifruit vines were defoliated from July 15 to October 14 with one monthintervals and degrees of defoliation were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. All experiments were conducted in the rain shelter and replicated at least five times. Defoliation in July 15 resulted in a high regrowth ratio of 20-40% regardless of degree of defoliation but that in August 16 showed only 5.8% of regrowth ratio in the no defoliation treatment; however, more than 25% of defoliation in August 16 showed 17-23% of regrowth ratio. In September 15, regrowth ratio decreased further to less than 10% in all treatments and no regrowth was observed in October 14. Percent bud break of all defoliation treatments were not significant in comparison to 64.7% in no defoliation except for 42.1% and 42.9% in 100% defoliation in July 15 and August 16, respectively. Floral shoot in the no defoliation treatment was 70.2% and defoliation of 50% or less resulted in the same or increased floral shoot ratio in July 15, August 16, and September 15; however, defoliation in October 14 showed no difference in all treatments. In flower number per floral shoot, 2-3 flowers appeared in no defoliation and only 1 flower was observed when the vines were defoliated more than 50% in July 15 and September 15. In October 14, contrary to the floral shoot ratio, flower number decreased with increased defoliation. CONCLUSION(S): Therefore, it is suggested that dormancy of 'Goldrush' axillary buds, was started in August and completed in October. The effect of defoliation on bud break of axillary buds the following year was insignificant, except for 100% defoliation in July 15 and August 16. From July 15 to September 15, floral bud ratio was significantly reduced when more than 50% of leaves were defoliated compared to no defoliation. Also, the number of flowers per flower-bearing shoot the following year decreased by less than 50% when compared to no defoliation, and this decrease was more prominent in September 15 than July 15 and August 16.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.389-406
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• 2011

As part of a feasibility study for introducing carbon labeling of fruit products in Korea, we explore the use of carbon footprints for Korean kiwifruit from Gyeongnam region as a case study. In Korea, the Korean Environmental Industry and Technology Institute (KEITI) is responsible for the carbon footprint labeling certification, and has two types of certification programs: one program focuses on climate change response (carbon footprint labeling analysis) and the other on low-carbon products (reduction of carbon footprints analysis). Currently agricultural products have not yet been included in the program. Carbon labeling could soon be a prerequisite for the international trading of agricultural products. In general the carbon footprints of various agricultural products from New Zealand followed the methodology described in the ISO standards and conformed to the PAS 2050. The carbon footprint assessment focuses on a supply chain, and considers the foreground and the background systems. The basic scheme consists of four phases, which are the 'goal', 'scope', 'inventory analysis', and 'interpretation' phases. In the case of the carbon footprint of New Zealand kiwifruit the study tried to understand each phase's contribution to total GHG emissions. According to the results, shipping, orchard, and coolstore operation are the main life cycle stages that contribute to the carbon footprint of the kiwifruit supply chain stretching from the orchard in New Zealand to the consumer in the UK. The carbon emission of long-distance transportation such as shipping can be a hot-spot of GHG emissions, but can be balanced out by minimizing the carbon footprint of other life cycle phases. For this reason it is important that orchard and coolstore operations reduce the GHG-intensive inputs such as fuel or electricity to minimize GHG emissions and consequently facilitate the industry to compete in international markets. The carbon footprint labeling guided by international standards should be introduced for fruit products in Korea as soon as possible. The already established LCA methodology of NZ kiwifruit can be applied for fruit products as a case study.