• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-113
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• 2001

The mesomyarian and acontiarian actiniaria in Korean waters are identified into 11 species, 11 genera and 8 families. Among them, the following five species are newly recorded to Korean fauna: Isanthus capensis Carlgren; Actinostola carlgreni Wassilieff; Stomphia coccinea (Muller); Parasicyonis actinostoloides (Wassilieff); and Metridium senile (Linnaeus). They are redescribed in detail with figures, and the others are examined and discussed.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2010

Actiniarians were collected from the rocks and sand bed of Jejudo Island, Ulleungdo Island, and Wangdolcho in Korean waters from 2004 to 2009. They were classified as two species of two families belonging to the suborders Endocoelantheainea and Nynantheae. Especially, suborder Endocoelantheainea, with distinct development of mesenteries, was firstly added to Korean athenarian fauna with the species, Halcurias carlgreni McMurrich, 1901. Calliactis polypus (Forsk$\aa$l, 1775) showing the commensalism with hermit crab, was easily distinguished from C. japonica by external features and the composition of cnidae. These two species were described in detail with tables and figures.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2003

Actiniarians were collected from the sandy mud flat of Deokjeokdo, Jak-yakdo, Yeoungjongdo and Hupo of Korean waters from 1962 to 1998. They are identified into three species of two families, which are newly recorded to Korean athenarian fauna: Synandwakiu multitentaculata n. sp., Edwardsioides japonica (Carlgren, 1931) and Metedwardsia akkeshi (Uchida, 1932). They are described in detail with figures and tables. Synandwakia multitentaculata n. sp. is easily distinguished from S. hozawai by having up to 200 in the number of tentacles and by the peculiar macrobasic amastigophores of tentacles and the larger microbasic p-mastigophores of acontia in the macrocnidae.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2017

In this study, we tried to identify a sea anemone collected from the coast of Gijang, Busan. The anemone was morphologically similar to species belonging to the genus Anthopleura, but its morphological characteristics did not allow for confirmed identification to species level. Multiple genes from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase III, 12S and 16S rRNA, and nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA, were amplified for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis using genomic DNA extracted from the sampled anemone and a different primer set. Based on the MLST analysis, the anemone obtained in this study was identified as Anthopleura artemisia. Also, the sequence of internal transcribed spacer-2 was most closely related to A. artemisia, indicating that this single region might be useful for anemone identification. This study shows significance of molecular identification for sea anemones, and will be helpful in studies of sea anemone identification using genotyping-by-sequencing.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.201-214
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• 2004

Some actiniarians were collected from the coasts of Jejudo and Baekdo Islands in Korean waters from 1971 to 2004. They are identified into three species within three families, which are newly recorded to Korean actiniarian fauna: Halcampella maxima Hertwig, 1888 within the tribe Athenaria, and also Aulactinia coccinea (Verrill, 1866) and Stichodactyla tapetum (Ehrenberg, 1834) within the tribe Thenaria. They are described in detail with figures and tables together with the distribution and size of cnidae. In preserved specimens, mature oocytes of H. maxima were observed in winter. Also oocytes and sperm sacs of S. tapetum were surveyed at separate individuals in summer. The unique feature of A. coccinea is a body wall with simple adhesive verrucae extended from margin to limbus in longitudinal rows. In the genus Stichodactyla, the smallest species, S. tapetum is distinguished from S. haddoni by short bulbous tentacles, less than 1.0 mm long, densely packed on the oral disc and also conical marginal ones, 1.5-2.0 mm long. As a result of this study, the Korean actiniarian fauna consists of four athenarian and 23 thenarian species in suborder Nynantheae

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.253-270
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• 2002

Actinians were collected from 91 localities of Korea from 1962 to 2000. They are identified into 10 species within 6 genera, of which three species are newly recorded to Korean fauna: Dofleinia armota Wassilieff, 1908, Urticina coriacea (Cuvier, 1798) and Urticinu crassicornis (Muller, 1776). They are redescribed in detail with figures, and the other species are examined.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1997

Systematic relationship of 13 species representing seven orders of anthozoans, and one hydrozoan as an outgroup, were investigated. Distance and parsimony methods were used to analyze nucleotide sequence data obtained from the 18S rDNA. The inferred phylogeny indicates that two orders, Ceriantharia and Antipatharia within subclass Ceriantipatharia, are not closely related to each other. Instead, the former appears to be the most ancestral group among anthozoans but the latter is more closely related to order Actiniaria within subclass Zoantharia. The result also indicates that the actiniarian may not be a monophyletic group, because Epiactis Japonica is related more to order Scleractinia. Subclass Octocorallia appears to be a monophyletic group, within which order Pennatulacea diversed at first, and then orders Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea diversed later.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.145-161
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• 2006

Lichomolgus panikkari Gnanamuthu, 1955 (=Indomolgus panikkari), an incompletely known species, is redescribed based on a male specimen found newly from the Yellow Sea. A new genus of copepods, Lutumidomus, is proposed to incorporate Lichomolgus panikkari, Notoxynus tertius Kim, 2000, and Lutumidomus parvus n. sp., all associated with sea anemones. The new genus is differentiated from the related genera by a combination of characters that the antenna is 4-segmented, with a claw and an enlarged seta in addition to other setae on the fourth segment, the third endopodal segment of leg 3 is armed with two spines and two setae, the second endopodal segment of leg 4 is armed with two spines and three setae, and the maxillule is armed with two terminal setae. Paramolgus nudipes n. sp. and Verutipes scutatus n. sp. are also described as associates of sea anemones from Korean seas.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2011

The actiniarian sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor, and the scleractinian coral, Alveopora japonica, host symbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium (Freudenthal). We studied the host-symbiont specificity of these two anthozoan hosts in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Symbionts within the two hosts were identified using partial large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and complete internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 rDNA regions. The host, E. quadricolor, was identified using the partial LSU rDNA molecular marker. Genetic analysis showed that E. quadricolor only harbors dinoflagellates belonging to subclade C1/3 of the genus Symbiodinium. Moreover, no genetic variation was detected among the symbionts of E. quadricolor within the study region (Korea and Japan), even though the two distant sites were separated by more than 1000 km, at collection depths of 1 m in shallow and 13-16 m in deep water. Whilst scleractinian corals host multiple Symbiodinium clades in tropical waters, A. japonica, sampled over a wide geographical range (800 km) within the study region, only hosts Symbiodinium sp. clade F3. The high specificity of endosymbionts in E. quadricolor and A. japonica within the northwestern Pacific Ocean could be accounted for because symbiotic dinoflagellates within the host anemones appear to be acquired maternally, and the Kuroshio Current might affect the marine biota of the northwestern Pacific. However, the consistency of the symbiotic relationships between these two anthozoan hosts and their endosymbionts could change after climate change, so this symbiotic specificity should be monitored.