• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of landscaping pavements on WBGT(Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature) of outdoor spaces that lack ventilation and shade at summer midday. The relative humidity(RH), dry-bulb temperature(DT) and globe temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from June to October 2009 at a height of 1.2m above ten experimental beds with different pavements, by a measuring system consisting of an electric humidity sensor(GHM-15), resistance temperature detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\phi} 150mm$) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compact FieldPoint). Additionally, the surface dry-bulb temperatures also were recorded and compared. The area of each experimental bed was 1.5m(W)${\times}$2.0m(L) and ten different kinds of pavement were used including grass, grass+cubic stone, grass+porous brick, brick, stone panels, cubic stone, interlocking blocks, clay brick, naked soil, gravel and concrete. To prevent interference from ventilation, a 1.5m height cubic steel frame was established around each bed and each vertical side of the frame was covered with transparent polyethylene film. Based on the records of the hottest period from noon to 3 PM on 26 days with a peak dry-bulb temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ at natural condition, the wet-bulb temperature(WT) and WBGT were calculated and compared. The major findings were as follows: 1. The average surface DT was $40.1^{\circ}C$, which is $9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the natural condition. The surface DT of the pavements with grass were higher than those of concrete and interlocking block. The peak DT of the surface almost every pavement rose to above $50^{\circ}C$ during the hottest time. 2. The averages of DT, WT and GT were $40.1^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ and $49.1^{\circ}C$, and the peak values rose to $48.1^{\circ}C$, $45.8^{\circ}C$ and $59.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. In spite of slight differences that resulted according to pavements, no coherent differentiating factor could be found. 3. The average WBGT of grass was the highest at $34.3^{\circ}C$ while the others were similar in the range of around $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile, the peak WBGT was highest with stone panel at $47.9^{\circ}C$. Though there were some differences according to pavements, and while grass seemed to be worst in terms of WBGT, it seems difficult to say ablolutely that grass was the worst because the measurement was conducted without ventilation and shade during summer daytime hours only, which had temperatures that rose to a dangerous degree(above $45^{\circ}C$ WBGT), withering the grass during the hottest period. The average WBGT resulted also showed that the thermal environment of the pavement without ventilation and shade were at an intolerable level for humans regardless of the pavement type. In summary, the results of this study show that ventilation and shade are more important factor than pavement type in terms of outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.151-160
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• 2020

This study aims to figure out the status of university start-up education and support scheme, which are becoming more important as a major project of recent university policy, and to present policy tasks for promoting university start-ups by analyzing problems. A survey on education and support scheme about start-up was carried out from 800 students including those on leave of absence at D university located in metropolitan area and the analysis results are as follows. First, perception about start-up was highly positive due to various start-up education and support scheme from universities, but it was surveyed that university students have still low willingness to challenge start-up. Second, the biggest reason why university students avoid the start-up is 'the risk of start-up failure' at 40.8%, followed by 'Prioritizing getting a job' at 24.9% and 'lack of knowledge on start-up' at 13.4%. Also, difficulty from those who have already started business was mainly financing at 26.9%. The second was 14.0% for securing manpower, and the third was 11.8% for technology development. Third, the necessity of start-up education was in the order of 'starting-up' > 'preparing to start-up' > 'no intention to start-up'. The reason for the necessity of start-up education was 'motivation for various career choices' with 24.8%, followed by 'acquisition of various knowledge and skills for start-up' with 23.9%. Finally, efforts are needed to understand the importance of public relations for start-up policies in universities and figure out the problems of the start-up support scheme. The start-up education and support scheme should reflect the needs of university students, who are actual policy consumers, by shifting away from the method provided by existing suppliers.

• Strategy21
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• s.30
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• pp.99-142
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• 2012

Withe increased North Korea's security threats, the South Korean navy has been faced with deteriorating security environment. While North Korea has increased asymmetric forces in the maritime and underwater with the development of nuclear weapons, and China and Japan have made a large investment in the buildup of naval forces, the power of the Pacific fleet of the US, a key ally is expected to be weakened. The biggest threat comes from China's intervention in case of full-scale war with North Korea, but low-density conflict issues are also serious problems. North Korea has violated the Armistice Agreement 2,660 times since the end of Korean War, among which the number of marine provocations reaches 1,430 times, and the tension over the NLL issue has been intensifying. With tension mounting between Korea and Japan over the Dokdo issue and conflict escalating with China over Ieo do Islet, the US Navy has confronted situation where it cannot fully concentrate on the security of the Korean peninsula, which leads to need for strengthening of South Korea's naval forces. Let's look at naval forces of neighboring countries. North Korea is threatening South Korean navy with its increased asymmetric forces, including submarines. China has achieved the remarkable development of naval forces since the promotion of 3-step plan to strengthen naval power from 1989, and it now retains highly modernized naval forces. Japan makes an investment in the construction of stat of the art warship every year. Since Japan's warship boasts of its advanced performance, Japan's Maritime Self Defense Force is evaluated the second most powerful behind the US Navy on the assumption that submarine power is not included in the naval forces. In this situation, naval power construction of South Korean navy should be done in phases, focusing on the followings; First, military strength to repel the energy warship quickly without any damage in case of battle with North Korea needs to be secured. Second, it is necessary to develop abilities to discourage the use of nuclear weapons of North Korea and attack its nuclear facilities in case of emergency. Third, construction of military power to suppress armed provocations from China and Japan is required. Based on the above naval power construction methods, the direction of power construction is suggested as follows. The sea fleet needs to build up its war potential to defeat the naval forces of North Korea quickly and participate in anti-submarine operations in response to North Korea's provocations. The task fleet should be composed of 3 task flotilla and retain the power to support the sea fleet and suppress the occurrence of maritime disputes with neighboring countries. In addition, it is necessary to expand submarine power, a high value power asset in preparation for establishment of submarine headquarters in 2015, develop anti-submarine helicopter and load SLAM-ER missile onto P-3C patrol aircraft. In case of maine corps, division class military force should be able to conduct landing operations. It takes more than 10 years to construct a new warship. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish plans for naval power construction carefully in consideration of reality and future. For the naval forces to safeguard maritime sovereignty and contribute to national security, the acquisition of a huge budget and buildup of military power is required. In this regard, enhancement of naval power can be achieved only through national, political and military understanding and agreement. It is necessary to let the nation know that modern naval forces with improved weapon system can serve as comprehensive armed forces to secure the command of the sea, perform defense of territory and territorial sky and attack the enemy's strategic facilities and budget inputted in the naval forces is the essential source for early end of the war and minimization of damage to the people. If the naval power construction is not realized, we can be faced with a national disgrace of usurpation of national sovereignty of 100 years ago. Accordingly, the strengthening of naval forces must be realized.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1455-1468
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the objectives and contents of basic medical sciences at department of nursing in college of nursing, and junior college of nursing, thus ultimately providing the basic data to standardize the curriculum of the basic medical sciences in nursing education. Seventy eight professors who were in charge of teaching basic medical sciences to at 22 colleges of nursing/ department of nursing, and 20 junior colleges of nursing responded to the questionnaires that consisted of the questions regarding objectives and contents, of basic medical sciences. Based on the description of objectives, the description related to nursing, nurse, nursing science was cathegorized as on objective applicable to nursing science, the description related to medicine or clinical medicine as medical model, the description without description related to medicine was cathegorized as knowledge acquisition. The number of schools corresponding to each category were summerized in descending order. The objectives of basic medical sciences were categorized by concepts and number of schools corresponding to the categorized concept. The findings of the study are as follows ; 1. The subjects of basic medical science identified were physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology in most colleges of nursing and junior colleges. Two colleges of nursing/department of nursing (9.1%) and 19 junior colleges of nursing(95%) did not offer biochemistry, 1 college of nursing /department of nursing(5%) did not offer pathology & pharmacology. 2 junior colleges of nursing (10%) did not offer pharmacology, 1 junior college of nursing(5%) did not offer pathology. The other 1 junior college of nursing did not offer microbiology. 2. Objectives of physiology were to acquire knowledge and understanding on human function in both 6 (50%) colleges and 5 junior colleges. Objectives of anatomy were to acquire knowledge on human structure in both 4 (57%) colleges and 2 (50%) junior colleges; knowledge applicable to nursing sciences in both 3 (42.8%) colleges and 2 (50%) junior colleges. Objectives of biochemistry was to obtain knowledge and understanding on biochemistry, and understanding of basic concepts about biochemistry. Objectives of pathology were to obtain knowledge and understanding on pathology in both 4 (57.1%) colleges and 5(62.5%) junior colleges. Objectives of microbiology were to acquire knowledge and understanding on microbiology in both 5(83.8%) colleges and 6(85.7%) junior colleges. Objectives of pharmacology were to acquire knowledge on pharmacology in both 7(100%) colleges and 8(100%) junior colleges. 3. Contents of physiology in 19 (100%) schools were membrane transport, digestion, circulation, nervous system and respiration. In 16(84.2%) were kidney and muscle, that in 13(68.4%) were endocrine physiology. In 11(57.9%) were introduction and that in 9(47.4%) were structure and function of cells. Contents of anatomy in 11(100%) schools were skeletal system, muscle system, digestive system, circulatory system, concepts regarding human structure. In 10(90.9%) schools were endocrine system and nervous system, and in 5(45.5%) schools were blood, urinary system and cell. Contents of biochemistry in 6(100%) schools were history of biochemistry, body regulating factor, bioenergy, health and nutrition, nutrition of cell, energy production system. In 5(83.3%) schools were metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and enzyme, and in 3(50%) schools were metabolism of energy and fat. Contents of microbiology in 13(100%) schools were environment and influenc of bacteria, virus, G(-) rods, purulent cocci, G(+) rods. In 10 (76.9%) were immunity, diphtheria, enterobacteria, and in 9(69.2%) were spirochete, rickettsia and clamydia, and that in 6(46.2%) were sterilization and disinfection. Contents of pathology in 14(100%) schools were cell injury and adaptation, inflammation, respiratory diseases, circulatory diseases. In 10(71.4%) were neurological disorders, in 8(57.1%) were immunity and disease, and in 7 (50%) were tumor and progressive changes. Contents of pharmacology in 15(100%) were cardivascular drugs, introduction to pharmacology, hypnotics, analgesics, local anesthetics, an ticonvulsants. In 12(80%) were drugs activity on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and in 11(73%) were sulfa drugs, antibiotics, drug abuse and addiction.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2015

The new medical device technologies for bio-signal information and medical information which developed in various forms have been increasing. Information gathering techniques and the increasing of the bio-signal information device are being used as the main information of the medical service in everyday life. Hence, there is increasing in utilization of the various bio-signals, but it has a problem that does not account for security reasons. Furthermore, the medical image information and bio-signal of the patient in medical field is generated by the individual device, that make the situation cannot be managed and integrated. In order to solve that problem, in this paper we integrated the QR code signal associated with the medial image information including the finding of the doctor and the bio-signal information. bio-signal. System implementation environment for medical imaging devices and bio-signal acquisition was configured through bio-signal measurement, smart device and PC. For the ROI extraction of bio-signal and the receiving of image information that transfer from the medical equipment or bio-signal measurement, .NET Framework was used to operate the QR server module on Window Server 2008 operating system. The main function of the QR server module is to parse the DICOM file generated from the medical imaging device and extract the identified ROI information to store and manage in the database. Additionally, EMR, patient health information such as OCS, extracted ROI information needed for basic information and emergency situation is managed by QR code. QR code and ROI management and the bio-signal information file also store and manage depending on the size of receiving the bio-singnal information case with a PID (patient identification) to be used by the bio-signal device. If the receiving of information is not less than the maximum size to be converted into a QR code, the QR code and the URL information can access the bio-signal information through the server. Likewise, .Net Framework is installed to provide the information in the form of the QR code, so the client can check and find the relevant information through PC and android-based smart device. Finally, the existing medical imaging information, bio-signal information and the health information of the patient are integrated over the result of executing the application service in order to provide a medical information service which is suitable in medical field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.347-357
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• 2003

This paper describes on the suppression of sea clutter on marine radar display using a cell-averaging CFAR(constant false alarm rate) technique, and on the analysis of radar echo signal data in relation to the estimation of ARPA functions and the detection of the shadow effect in clutter returns. The echo signal was measured using a X -band radar, that is located on the Pukyong National University, with a horizontal beamwidth of $$3.9^{\circ}$$, a vertical beamwidth of $20^{\circ}$, pulsewidth of $0.8 {\mu}s$ and a transmitted peak power of 4 ㎾ The suppression performance of sea clutter was investigated for the probability of false alarm between $l0-^0.25;and; 10^-1.0$. Also the performance of cell averaging CFAR was compared with that of ideal fixed threshold. The motion vectors and trajectory of ships was extracted and the shadow effect in clutter returns was analyzed. The results obtained are summarized as follows；1. The ARPA plotting results and motion vectors for acquired targets extracted by analyzing the echo signal data were displayed on the PC based radar system and the continuous trajectory of ships was tracked in real time. 2. To suppress the sea clutter under noisy environment, a cell averaging CFAR processor having total CFAR window of 47 samples(20+20 reference cells, 3+3 guard cells and the cell under test) was designed. On a particular data set acquired at Suyong Man, Busan, Korea, when the probability of false alarm applied to the designed cell averaging CFAR processor was 10$^{-0}$.75/ the suppression performance of radar clutter was significantly improved. The results obtained suggest that the designed cell averaging CFAR processor was very effective in uniform clutter environments. 3. It is concluded that the cell averaging CF AR may be able to give a considerable improvement in suppression performance of uniform sea clutter compared to the ideal fixed threshold. 4. The effective height of target, that was estimated by analyzing the shadow effect in clutter returns for a number of range bins behind the target as seen from the radar antenna, was approximately 1.2 m and the information for this height can be used to extract the shape parameter of tracked target..

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.131-143
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• 2010

This paper investigates the history, policy and status of the conservation of historic gardens in the National Trust in England and its implications for Korea. It was conducted in three phases as follows: First, related literature data was collected to understand the National Trust and its role in the conservation of historic gardens. Second, The National Trust Policy Papers: Gardens and Landscape Parks in 1996 was reviewed and analyzed into eight categories with a review of 216 gardens and interviews with gardener-in-charge via e-mail. Finally an understanding of the policy for the conservation of historic gardens was formed from the results of the previous phases, and implications were drawn from the integrated analysis guidelines of the policy and status. The key feature of the conservation of the National Trust's historic gardens is that the conservation process has been conducted systematically through acquisition, management, upkeep, advice and so on. Furthermore, the conservation principles are defined in a concise and accessible form. According to their practical conservation process and principles, the results of the National Trust activities are to appreciate the significance of the gardens and act with accountability; integration; managing change; access and participation; and training gardener and partnership. According to the results of its activities under the premise that the purpose of the conservation and the meaning of a garden do not differ significantly among nations, implications for Korea can be primarily suggested by three points as follows: First of all, a flexible approach to change in historic gardens should be managed. In response to inevitable and desirable change, anything that is added or transferred should be recorded for the future as much as possible. Therefore, everything must be recorded and any change should be managed. Second, is to provide sustainable access for the benefit for the people and visitors. The aim of conserving the gardens is for human's to eventually understand that the present generation just borrows the historic gardens before they are passed down. The ensuing implication is that people may enjoy the gardens educationally, aesthetically, and physically, and children can be continuously interested in historic gardens as apart of educating the future generation. Finally, the National Trust educates apprentice gardeners who will maintain the historic gardens and continuously keep the current garden staff up to date with workshops. This is in contrast to the day laborers who work for historic gardens in Korea. In practice, the maintenance of historic gardens is not a simple process. The gardener must understand the past, reflect the present, and prepare for the future. Therefore, gardeners deliver culture from generation to generation.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.85-94
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• 2005

Most of product designers use 3D CAD system as a inevitable design tool nowadays and many new products are developed through a concurrent engineering process. However, it is very difficult for novice designers to get the sense of reality from modeling objects shown in the computer screens. Such a intangibility problem comes from the lack of haptic interactions and contextual information about the real space because designers tend to do 3D modeling works only in a virtual space of 3D CAD system. To address this problem, this research investigate the possibility of a interactive quantified structure simulation for product design using AR(augmented reality) which can register a 3D CAD modeling object on the real space. We built a quantified structure simulation system based on AR and conducted a series of experiments to measure how accurately human perceive and adjust the size of virtual objects under varied experimental conditions in the AR environment. The experiment participants adjusted a virtual cube to a reference real cube within 1.3% relative error(5.3% relative StDev). The results gave the strong evidence that the participants can perceive the size of a virtual object very accurately. Furthermore, we found that it is easier to perceive the size of a virtual object in the condition of presenting plenty of real reference objects than few reference objects, and using LCD panel than HMD. We tried to apply the simulation system to identify preference characteristics for the appearance design of a home-service robot as a case study which explores the potential application of the system. There were significant variances in participants' preferred characteristics about robot appearance and that was supposed to come from the lack of typicality of robot image. Then, several characteristic groups were segmented by duster analysis. On the other hand, it was interesting finding that participants have significantly different preference characteristics between robot with arm and armless robot and there was a very strong correlation between the height of robot and arm length as a human body.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.63-83
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic materials needed to plan the NCS Learning Module to be used effectively in practical courses. In this study, teachers and students' satisfaction surveys were collected about the NCS (National Competency Standards) learning module, career and field practice, practical environment used in the construction subject course. This study was conducted on public high schools in Chungcheong province (including Daejeon), which is operating practice course using the NCS learning module. The research questions are as follows; First, how was the satisfaction of teachers and students in the practical subject class using NCS learning module? Second, what is the degree of satisfaction of teacher's career and field practice guidance, student's career decision and field practice after the practical course using NCS learning module? Third, the satisfaction level of the developed NCS learning module and practical subject class using the same was determined by setting whether the number of training of NCS-related teachers or the presence or absence of on-the-job training of students were affected? The results of the study are as follows; As a result of comparing the teachers' and students' satisfaction, the students showed satisfaction in all items, whereas the teachers showed 'content level', 'interest', 'necessary knowledge', 'skill acquisition', 'Improvement of practical skills (level of skill performance)', 'scale of experimental practice', and 'items of experimental practice equipment' were dissatisfied. It was found that the number of NCS related teachers' training (or absence) or the presence of students on the field had an effect on the satisfaction of the developed NCS learning module and the practical course using it. In order to fully utilize the developed NCS learning module in the practical course, it is required to develop and construct the teaching material of the teacher who can serve as an intermediary for conceptualization and understanding of job skills. It is necessary to increase the number of education and training specialists to positively reflect the demands of the education field.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.157-175
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• 2012

It is difficult to evaluate the performance of process innovation of e-procurement which has large scale and complex processes. The existing evaluation methods for measuring the effects of process innovation have been mainly done with statistically quantitative methods by analyzing operational data or with qualitative methods by conducting surveys and interviews. However, these methods have some limitations to evaluate the effects because the performance evaluation of e-procurement process innovation should consider the interactions among participants who are active either directly or indirectly through the processes. This study considers the e-procurement process as a complex system and develops a simulation model based on MAS(Multi-Agent System) to evaluate the effects of e-procurement process innovation. Multi-agent based simulation allows observing interaction patterns of objects in virtual world through relationship among objects and their behavioral mechanism. Agent-based simulation is suitable especially for complex business problems. In this study, we used Netlogo Version 4.1.3 as a MAS simulation tool which was developed in Northwestern University. To do this, we developed a interaction model of agents in MAS environment. We defined process agents and task agents, and assigned their behavioral characteristics. The developed simulation model was applied to G2B system (KONEPS: Korea ON-line E-Procurement System) of Public Procurement Service (PPS) in Korea and used to evaluate the innovation effects of the G2B system. KONEPS is a successfully established e-procurement system started in the year 2002. KONEPS is a representative e-Procurement system which integrates characteristics of e-commerce into government for business procurement activities. KONEPS deserves the international recognition considering the annual transaction volume of 56 billion dollars, daily exchanges of electronic documents, users consisted of 121,000 suppliers and 37,000 public organizations, and the 4.5 billion dollars of cost saving. For the simulation, we analyzed the e-procurement of process of KONEPS into eight sub processes such as 'process 1: search products and acquisition of proposal', 'process 2 : review the methods of contracts and item features', 'process 3 : a notice of bid', 'process 4 : registration and confirmation of qualification', 'process 5 : bidding', 'process 6 : a screening test', 'process 7 : contracts', and 'process 8 : invoice and payment'. For the parameter settings of the agents behavior, we collected some data from the transactional database of PPS and some information by conducting a survey. The used data for the simulation are 'participants (government organizations, local government organizations and public institutions)', 'the number of bidding per year', 'the number of total contracts', 'the number of shopping mall transactions', 'the rate of contracts between bidding and shopping mall', 'the successful bidding ratio', and the estimated time for each process. The comparison was done for the difference of time consumption between 'before the innovation (As-was)' and 'after the innovation (As-is).' The results showed that there were productivity improvements in every eight sub processes. The decrease ratio of 'average number of task processing' was 92.7% and the decrease ratio of 'average time of task processing' was 95.4% in entire processes when we use G2B system comparing to the conventional method. Also, this study found that the process innovation effect will be enhanced if the task process related to the 'contract' can be improved. This study shows the usability and possibility of using MAS in process innovation evaluation and its modeling.