• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2019

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and 2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p < 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4, and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8 and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6 folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12 (-1.9, -2.0, -2.0 and; -2.7 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control (p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in cow blood.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.203-207
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• 2019

인산칼슘(hydroxyapatite(HAp), ${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphate(${\beta}$-TCP) 및 HAp와 ${\beta}$-TCP가 혼합된 2상 인산칼슘(BCP, HA/${\beta}$-TCP))들을 수열합성법을 통해 합성하였다. 여러 수열합성 조건(최고온도 $150^{\circ}C$ 및 pH 12 이하)에서 수산화칼슘($Ca(OH)_2$) 수용액과 인산($H_3PO_4$) 용액을 반응시켜 얻은 침전물을 수열합성에 이용하였다. 초기 전구체 Ca/P 비율을 1.30, 1.50 및 1.67로 조절하였으며 이 조성비와 합성 후 열처리가 분말 및 소결체의 상합성에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 초기 전구체 Ca/P 비율을 조절함으로써 분말 및 소결체의 상의 조절이 가능하였다. Ca/P 비율이 1.67일 경우 모든 열처리 온도에서 분말 및 소결체 모두에서 HAp 단일 상이 합성되었다. Ca/P 비율이 1.30과 1.50에서 $900^{\circ}C$ 이상 열처리 할 경우 각각 순수한 ${\beta}$-TCP와 BCP(HAp/${\beta}$-TCP)가 합성되었다. 반응성 높은 미세한 분말을 이용하여 소결함으로써 미세한 입경을 가지며 투광성을 가지는 소결체들을 저온에서 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find out the effect that ${\kappa}-Carrageenan$ has on the properties of dog sperm when it was added to the cryoprotectant. Extender basically was contained 1.21 g Trizma base, 0.67 g citric acid, 0.4 g glucose, 0.03 g penicillin G, 0.05 g streptomycin sulfate. Extender1 was added with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5% carrageenan, while extender2 was supplemented with glycerol. After freezing-thawing, the motility, viability, acrosome integrity, apoptosis, and ROS (reactive oxygen specifications) of sperm were measured to analyze the effects of the supplementation of carrageenan. Total Motile (TM), Rapid Progressive Motile (RPM), Medium Progressive Motile (MPM), and Immotile were measured through the CASA system after thawing in 37 degree water. Extender with 0.2% ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ ($64.26{\pm}0.49$) was significantly higher than control ($40.24{\pm}8.27$) (p < 0.05). RPMs of extender with 0.1%, 0.2% ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ ($57.64{\pm}6.34$, $56.47{\pm}1.35$) were significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). Acrosome integrity was measured by dyeing to PSA-FITC with an epifluorescence microscope. Normal acrosome ratio of extender with 0.5% ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ ($61{\pm}8.03$) was higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). Apoptosis was measured with a FACSCalibur flow cytometer using FITC (FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit). Treated groups of ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ of 0.1% ($0.81{\pm}0.05$), 0.2% ($0.85{\pm}0.05$) were significantly higer (p < 0.05) than control. Modified SYBR/PI staining was used for determination of viability and DCF staining was used for evaluation of ROS. Viability and ROS were not significantly different from other groups. In conclusion, adding a certain concentration of carrageenan to the extender of cryopreservation, carrageenan contributes to the improvement of the sperm motility, acrosome integrity and prevention of apoptosis.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2019

Background: Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of hematuresis and uterine bleeding in Korea. It has been reported to have anti-obesity, anti-diabetes and anti-inflammaotry effect by regulating the inflammatory signaling pathway. However, the preventive effect of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb on gastritis has not been elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of the water extract of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb (APW) using HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis rat models. Method and Results: Gastritis was induced in rats by HCl/EtOH administration. The rats in each group were orally administered with two doses of APW (100 and 500 mg/kg). Omeprazole was used as a positive control drug. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels in stomach. The treatment with 500 mg/kg APW reduced the gastric ulcer area. The APW treatment prevented a decreased in $PGE_2$ concentration induced by HCl/EtOH in rats. In the micronucleus test, the ratio of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes to polychromatic erythrocytes showed no significant change in the APW-treated group compared with the control group. Conclusions: These results indicate that APW could be used to prevent the gastritis caused by the HCl/EtOH-induced damage to stomach lining. In addition, the APW treatment showed no significant change in results of the micronucleus test. However, further experiments are required to determine how APW influenced the secretion of mucus and gastric acid using the chromosome aberration test and bacterial reverse mutation assay.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2021

매실은 주로 한국, 일본, 중국 같은 동아시아에 분포하고, 매실 나무의 열매는 한약재나 식재료로 쓰여왔다. 그러나 매실 열매를 이용한 이전의 연구는 대부분 추출물 형태로 진행하였기에, 많은 식품학적인 활용을 위해 매실 열매의 다양한 가공형태에서의 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에선 분무 건조한 매실 식초 분말(SPP)의 이화학적 특성과 생리활성을 평가하였다. SPP의 이화학적 특성에서 당도, pH, 총산도 및 수분 함량은 각각 8.90 °Brix, 3.19, 1.05% 및 3.07%로 확인되었다. SPP의 항산화 활성은 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성, 환원력 및 H2O2 소거활성에서 각각 65.55%, 1.48 및 48.07%로 양성 대조군과 비슷하거나 다소 낮게 유의적으로 높은 항산화 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 SPP를 농도별로 처리함에 따라 MDA-MB-231 인체 유방암 세포에서 유의적인 세포 증식 억제 활성을 보였다. 형태학적 연구에서 MDA-MB-231 세포에서 농도의존적으로 세포의 형태학적 변화가 확인되었고, apoptotic body와 핵의 응축을 나타냈다. 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 59.58 ㎍/g과 57.56 ㎍/g으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 분무 건조한 매실 식초 분말은 항산화 및 암세포 증식억제능이 있는 기능성 식품 및 천연 의약품 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.395-411
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• 2020

Background: This study investigated the anti-obesity effect of the flavonoid rich fraction (FRF) and its constituent, rutin obtained from the leaf of Morus alba L., on the lipid accumulation mechanism in 3T3-L1 adipocyte and C57BL/6 mouse models. Methods and Results: In Oil Red O staining, FRF (1,000 ㎍/㎖) treatments showed inhibition rate of 35.39% in lipid accumulation compared to that in the control. AdipoRedTM assay indicated that the triglyceride content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with FRF (1,000 ㎍/㎖) was reduced to 23.22%, and free glycerol content was increased to 106.04% that of the control. FRF and its major constituent, rutin affected mRNA gene expression. Rutin contributed to the inhibition of Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) gene expression, and inhibited the transcription factors SREBP-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, the effect of FRF administration on obesity development in C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) was investigated. FRF suppressed weight gain, and reduced liver triglyceride and leptin secretion. FRF exerted potential anti-inflammatory effects by improving insulin resistance and adiponectin levels, and could thus be used to help counteract obesity. The mRNA expressions of PPAR-γ, FAS, ACC, and CPT-1 were determined in liver tissue. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was also performed to evaluate the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in epididymal adipose tissue. Compared to the control group, mice fed the HFD showed the up-regulation in PPAR-γ, FAS, IL-6, and TNF-α genes, and down-regulation in CPT1 gene expression. FRF treatement markedly reduced the expression of PPAR-γ, FAS, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to those in HFD control, whereas increased the expression level of CPT1. Conclusions: These results suggest that the FRF and its major active constituent, rutin, can be used as effective anti-obesity agents.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1033-1041
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• 2020

최근 모든 연령대의 사람들은 미용적인 이유로 더 밝은 피부를 원하고 있으며, 천연 제품은 화학적으로 합성된 화합물보다 더 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 조구등은 아시아에서 전통 한약재로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 새로운 피부 미백제를 찾기 위해 본 연구에서는 조구등의 항산화 활성과 잠재적인 tyrosinase 억제 작용을 확인하였다. 조구등을 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 항산화 활성을 분석하고 tyrosinase 활성과 melanin 합성에 미치는 영향을 평가했다. 총 mRNA 발현은 RT-PCR을 사용하였다. 그 결과 조구등 추출물은 B16F10 세포에서 뛰어난 항산화 능력과 상당한 수준의 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 화합물을 함유하였다. 또한, 세포 내 tyrosinase 활성을 억제하고 처리된 세포에서 melanin의 양을 감소시켰다. Tyrosinase의 mRNA 발현은 1 mg/ml 농도에서 현저히 감소하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 조구등이 미백 효과가 있는 화장품의 천연 소재로 사용될 수 있는 높은 잠재력을 가지고 있음을 시사한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권3_spc호
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• pp.393-404
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• 2021

Objective: This study compared the catechin composition of different tea byproducts and investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with green tea byproducts on the accumulation of abdominal fat, the modulation of lipid metabolism, and the inflammatory response in red feather native chickens. Methods: Bioactive compounds were detected, and in vitro anti-obesity capacity analyzed via 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In animal experiments, 320 one-day-old red feather native chickens were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Jinxuan byproduct (JBP), basal diet supplemented with 1% JBP, or basal diet supplemented with 5×106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg Bacillus amyloliquefaciens+5×106 CFU/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BA+SC). Growth performance, serum characteristics, carcass characteristics, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: This study compared several cultivars of tea, but Jinxuan showed the highest levels of the anti-obesity compound epigallocatechin gallate. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with Jinxuan extract significantly reduced lipid accumulation. There were no significant differences in growth performance, serum characteristics, or carcass characteristics among the groups. However, in the 0.5% JBP group, mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were significantly decreased. In the 1% JBP group, FAS, ACC and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ levels were significantly decreased. Moreover, inflammation-related mRNA expression levels were decreased by the addition of JBP. Conclusion: JBP contained abundant catechins and related bioactive compounds, which reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, however there was no significant reduction in abdominal fat. This may be due to a lack of active anti-obesity compounds or because the major changes in fat metabolism were not in the abdomen. Nonetheless, lipogenesis-related and inflammation-related mRNA expression were reduced in the 1% JBP group. In addition, dietary supplementation with tea byproducts could reduce the massive amount of byproducts created during tea production and modulate lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response in chickens.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.655-660
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• 2020

본 연구를 통해 고아밀로스 옥수수 전분과 이를 가수분해한 덱스트린을 첨가함으로써 건면의 품질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 고아밀로스 전분이나 덱스트린을 첨가함으로써, 아밀로스-지질 복합체가 형성되었지만, 그 정도가 미미한 편이었다. 고아밀로스 전분이나 덱스트린을 건면에 첨가함으로써, 수분 흡수율과 인장강도가 감소하고, 경도와 점착력이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 고아밀로스 전분이나 덱스트린 첨가 건면의 단면이 조금 더 밀집한 구조를 보이게 되었다. 하지만 가수분해정도가 큰 Dextrin50의 경우에는 다른 덱스트린과는 다르게 용출율을 증가시키고, 느슨한 구조의 단면을 보였다. 이는 건면의 조직감에도 영향을 미쳐, Dextrin50 첨가군은 다른 첨가군보다 더 낮은 탄성과 경도를 보이고 점착력이 증가하는 특성을 보이게 된다. 본 연구결과에 따르면, 고아밀로스 옥수수 전분과 덱스트린을 건면에 첨가했을 때, 명확한 아밀로스-지질 복합체가 형성되지는 못했지만, 수분흡수율, 용출율 미세구조, 조직감에 영향을 주었다고 판단된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.86-98
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• 2021

This study was designed to characterize the effect of ginsenoside-Rg2 (Rg2), one of panaxatriol saponins isolated from Korean ginseng root, on the release of catecholamines (CA) in the perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla, and also to establish its mechanism of action. Rg2 (3~30 µM), administered into an adrenal vein for 90 min, depressed acetylcholine (ACh)-induced CA secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Rg2 also time-dependently inhibited the CA secretion induced by 3-(m-chloro-phenyl-carbamoyl-oxy)-2-butynyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (McN-A-343), 1.1-dimethyl-4-phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP), and angiotensin II (Ang II). Also, during perfusion of Rg2, the CA secretion induced by high K⁺, veratridine, cyclopiazonic acid, methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoro-methyl-phenyl)-pyridine-5-carboxylate (Bay-K-8644) depressed, respectively. In the simultaneous presence of Rg2 and N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride ʟ-NAME), the CA secretion induced by ACh, Ang II, Bay-K-8644 and veratridine was restored nearly to the extent of their corresponding control level, respectively, compared to those of inhibitory effects of Rg2-treatment alone. Virtually, NO release in adrenal medulla following perfusion of Rg2 was significantly enhanced in comparison to the corresponding spontaneous release. Also, in the coexistence of Rg2 and fimasartan, ACh-induced CA secretion was markedly diminished compared to the inhibitory effect of fimasartan-treated alone. Collectively, these results demonstrated that Rg2 suppressed the CA secretion induced by activation of cholinergic as well as angiotensinergic receptors from the perfused model of the rat adrenal gland. This Rg2-induced inhibitory effect seems to be exerted by reducing both influx of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ through their ionic channels into the adrenomedullary cells as well as by suppressing Ca²⁺ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, at least through the elevated NO release by activation of NO synthase, which is associated to the blockade of neuronal cholinergic and AT₁-receptors. Based on these results, the ingestion of Rg2 may be helpful to alleviate or prevent the cardiovascular diseases, via reduction of CA release in adrenal medulla and consequent decreased CA level in circulation.