• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2013

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol with a variety of functions including bactericidal and anticariogenic effects. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the role of xylitol in bone metabolism are not yet clarified. In our present study, we exploited the physiological role of xylitol on osteoclast differentiation in a co-culture system of osteoblastic and RAW 264.7 cells. Xylitol treatment of these co-cultures reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells induced by 10 nM $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$ in a dose-dependent manner. A cell viability test revealed no marked cellular damage by up to 100 mM of xylitol. Exposure of osteoblastic cells to xylitol decreased RANKL, but not OPG, mRNA expression in the presence of $10^{-8}M$ $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, bone resorption activity, assessed on bone slices in the coculture system, was found to be dramatically decreased with increasing xylitol concentrations. RANKL and OPG proteins were assayed by ELISA and the soluble RANKL (sRANKL) concentration was decreased with an increased xylitol concentration. In contrast, OPG was unaltered by any xylitol concentration in this assay. These results indicate that xylitol inhibits $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$-induced osteoclastogenesis by reducing the sRANKL/OPG expression ratio in osteoblastic cells.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.281-290
• /
• 2014

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant potential, and total phenolic content (TPC) of green and red kohlrabi cultivars. Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated via protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) and rat lens aldose reductase inhibitory assays and cell-based lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory assays in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. In addition, scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical, and peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) were used to evaluate antioxidant potential and TPC was selected to assess phytochemical characteristics. Between the two kohlrabi cultivars, red kohlrabi (RK) had two times more TPC than green kohlrabi (GK) and showed significant antioxidant effects in DPPH, ABTS, and $ONOO^-$ scavenging assays. Likewise, methanol (MeOH) extracts of RK and GK inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose dependent manner that was further clarified by suppression of iNOS and COX-2 protein production. The MeOH extracts of RK and GK exhibited potent inhibitory activities against PTP1B with the corresponding $IC_{50}$ values of $207{\pm}3.48$ and $287{\pm}3.22{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Interestingly, the RK MeOH extract exhibited significantly stronger anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant effects than that of GK MeOH extract. As a result, our study establishes that RK extract with a higher TPC might be useful as a potent anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Achyranthis Radix extract(ARE) loaded hydrogel on osteoclast differentiation. Methods: MTT-assay was performed to estimate cytotoxicity of ARE, Achyranthis Radix-alginate hydrogel disk(ARHD) in bone marrow macrophages stimulated(BMMs) with human receptor activator of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ligand(RANKL), human macrophage-colony stimulating factor(M-CSF). Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining and RT-PCR were performed to know the inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation. Reactive oxygen species and actin ring formation were analysed to observe the effect of ARHD. Results: ARE has no cytotoxicity at the concentration of 0.1 $mg/m{\ell}$ or lower. ARE decreased the number of TRAP positive cells in RANKL, M-CSF stimulated BMMs and the gene expression. ARHD has no cytotoxicity at the concentration of 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (24, 48hours), 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (24 hours). ARHD restrained the synthesis of reactive oxygen species and the formation of actin ring. Conclusions: Achyranthis Radix has the inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Further studies are needed to treat osteoporosis by Achyranthis Radix.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.181-190
• /
• 2019

Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) is an edible wild mushroom with tough fruiting body that belongs to the family Polyporaceae. It is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of ulcer, anaemia, cough and fever. Recent studies have demonstrated its anticancer, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. However, little or no information is available regarding the bioactive components and toxicological study of wild dried L. squarrosulus. Therefore, this study investigated the bioactive components of aqueous extract of boiled wild dried L. squarrosulus and its toxicological effects in rats. The extract of L. squarrosulus was subjected to GC-MS analysis. The acute toxicity test was performed by oral administration of a single dose of up to 5,000 mg/kg extract of L. squarrosulus. In subacute study, the rats were orally administered extract of L. squarrosulus at the doses of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days. The haematological, lipid profile, liver and kidney function parameters were determined and the histopathology of the liver and kidney were examined. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds; 1-tetradecene, fumaric acid, monochloride, 6-ethyloct-3-yl ester, 9-eicosene, phytol, octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine and 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane. In acute toxicity study, neither death nor toxicity sign was recorded. In the sub-acute toxicity study, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed on creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whilst no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed on packed cell volume, heamoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell and alkaline phosphatase, in all the tested doses. No histopathological alterations were recorded. Our findings revealed that aqueous extract of L. squarrosulus may have antimicrobial, antinocieptive and antioxidant properties based on the result of GC-MS analysis. Results of the toxicity test showed no deleterious effect at the tested doses, suggesting that L. squarrosulus is safe for consumption at the tested doses.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.17.1-17.10
• /
• 2019

Objectives: Root resorption is an unexpected complication after replantation procedures. Combining anti-osteoclastic medicaments with retrograde root filling materials may avert this resorptive activity. The purpose of this study was to assess effects of a cathepsin K inhibitor with calcium silicate-based cements on osteoclastic activity. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured for biocompatibility analyses. RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B and lipopolysaccharide, followed by treatment with Biodentine (BIOD) or ProRoot MTA with or without medicaments (Odanacatib [ODN], a cathepsin inhibitor and alendronate, a bisphosphonate). After drug treatment, the cell counting kit-8 assay and Alizarin red staining were performed to evaluate biocompatibility in MC3T3-E1 cells. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed in RAW 264.7 cells to determine the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Biocompatibility results showed that there were no significant differences among any of the groups. RAW 264.7 cells treated with BIOD and ODN showed the lowest levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and PGE2. Treatments with BIOD + ODN were more potent suppressors of inflammatory cytokine expression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The cathepsin K inhibitor with calcium silicate-based cement inhibits osteoclastic activity. This may have clinical application in preventing inflammatory root resorption in replanted teeth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.10
• /
• pp.1442-1449
• /
• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the effect of microbial phytase supplementation on growth performance, tibia ash, plasma parameters, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acid (AA) and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Youxian Sheldrakes fed with low-phosphorus (P) cornsoybean diets. Methods: A total of 350 Youxian Sheldrakes (7d old) were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups: positive control (PC) group has adequate available P diet (0.42% and 0.38%, starter and grower), negative control (NC) group were deficient in available P (0.32% and 0.28%, starter and grower) and NC diet was supplemented with 3 levels of microbial phytase (500, 750, and 1,000 U/kg). Results: Dietary supplementation of phytase in NC diet improved the average daily gain, increased the levels of serum calcium (Ca), tibia Ca and P, AID of AA and apparent digestibility of energy and Ca in starter stage (p<0.05). There was an increased (p<0.001) in the utilization of P from 17.3% to 23.9%. Phytase supplementation (1,000 U/kg) has shown that the AID of His, Thr, Val, indispensable AA, Glu, Pro, and dispensable AA was higher (p<0.05) than that of NC. Moreover, phytase supplementation improved (p<0.05) serum and tibia Ca and P, AID of AA and apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, energy, P and Ca, and reduced (p<0.05) feed to gain ratio (F/G) and the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase in grower stage. Likewise, an increase (p<0.001) in the utilization of P was noticed from 12.6% to 17.2%. Supplement phytase at 750 U/kg improved the AID of His, Thr, Asp, Cys, Pro, and Ser (p<0.05). Conclusion: The microbial phytase supplement could improve growth performance, AID of some AA and apparent utilization of other nutrients in Youxian Sheldrakes, and reduce excreta P load to environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.8
• /
• pp.1267-1274
• /
• 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA) on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters in weanling pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, a total of 216 Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White weanling pigs were assigned randomly to 6 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates (pens) with 6 pigs each. The diets were corn-soybean meal based with supplementation of 0, 20, 40, 80, 120 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA or 40 mg Zn/kg from feed-grade zinc sulfate. The experiment lasted 42 days. In Exp. 2, a total of 180 weanling pigs were assigned randomly to 3 dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 80, or 800 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA. Results: In Exp. 1, pigs fed 40 to 80 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA had higher (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than the unsupplemented group during d 0 to 14. During d 0 to 42, the pigs fed 20 to 120 mg Zn/kg from ZnAA had increased (p<0.05) ADG. Pigs fed 20 to 120 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA had lower feed:gain (p<0.05), increased the activity of serum Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase on d 14, and increased serum Zn levels on d 42 (p<0.05). In Exp. 2, pigs fed diets with 800 mg Zn/kg had increased average daily feed intake during d 15 to 28 (p<0.05) compared to the unsupplemented group. During d 0 to 28, the pigs fed supplemental Zn had increased ADG (p<0.05). On d 14 and d 28, pigs fed supplemental Zn had higher the serum alkaline phosphatase activities (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the hematological parameters and organ indices. Conclusion: Supplementation with 20 to 80 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA improved the growth performance in weaned pigs. The piglets can tolerate up to 800 mg/kg Zn from ZnAA with limited potential health effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.297-306
• /
• 1997

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine on the change of blood chemistry components in the serum of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female). The experimental groups were divided into 7 groups according to the time lapsed after a single oral administration of 100mg/kg caffeine(that is control, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hrs lapsed group) to the rats. The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The concentrations of serum glucose were significantly higher($\rho$<0.01) between 4 (143.0 mg/dl) and 8 hrs(138.0mg/dl) in comparison to the control(101.1mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). Whereas there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio in comparison to the control. 2. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were significantly higher ($\rho$<0.01) between 4(77.4mg/dl, total cholesterol) and 8 hrs(64.7mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol) in comparis to the control(62.8, 46.7mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100 mg/kg). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum were significantly lower($\rho$<0.01) after 8 hrs(38.8mg/dl) in comparison to the control(66.5mg/dl). 3. The activities of AST in serum was significantly higher($\rho$<0.05) from 2 hrs(149 U/L) to 8 hrs(178 U/L) in comparison to the control(112 U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100mg/kg). The activities of ALT in serum were significantly higher($\rho$<0.01) at 4(45.5 U/L), 24(49.3 U/L), 48(46.8 U/L) and 72 hrs(42.3 U/L) in comparison to the control (39.7 U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100mg/kg) On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the activities of ALP in comparison to the control.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.136-143
• /
• 2002

Jaboyangyeong-hwan (IAE) has been known as a traditional medicine for the treatment of debility, fatigue, and liver diseases. The hepatoprotective effect of the water extract of Jaboyangyeong-hwan was investigated against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced hepatic damage. A single intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the significant rise of aspartate aminotransferase (AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum as compared to those of untreated normal group. Pretreatments of rats with the JAE extract (300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg for 7 days) were significantly reduced AST, ALT, and ALP levels compared with $CCl_4$-treated control group. Treatment of rats with $CCl_4$led to significantly increase in lipid peroxidation and significantly decrease in cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase. The oral administration of the JAE extract significantly inhibited the accumulation of microsomal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased the cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase activity. All these biochemical alterations resulting from $CCl_4$administration were inhibited by the pretreatment with JAE extract. These results suggest that JAE water extract can be useful as a hepatoprotective agent.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2016

With transient flooding followed by poor or slow drainage plant roots may become reduction conditions because the root zone was fully filled with water. This study was examined the effects of calcium treatment in the early growth stage on biochemical changes in leaves and roots of melon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings kept under flooding condition for 72 h. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase more gradually enhanced in the roots than those of leaves of melon seedlings treated with calcium. The activities of alcohol dehydrogenase associated with alcohol fermentation under low oxygen conditions continuously increased in the leaves and roots of seedlings untreated with calcium under flooding at least 72 h but those was constant within at least 12 h in treated with calcium. These results showed that calcium supplying in the early growth stage mitigated alcohol fermentation of melon seedlings kept under flooding condition for 72 h. Activities of nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase in the leaves and roots of seedlings in treated with calcium somewhat higher than those of non-treated with calcium. The activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase of leaves of seedlings in treated with calcium more higher than those of non-treated with calcium. These results indicated that calcium nutrition mitigate the reduction of activities of some enzymes of melon seedling kept under flooding condition for 72 h.